species

Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904)

Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904): copyright Koji Tojo. females in nature, during outbreak in the Akashina area of Japan, 4 August 2017. (Otu).

CollectionObject 1561193; e15a0b15-6a04-4cc4-8d19-90d38c185c17: copyright USNM, Washington. female (holotype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1561193; e15a0b15-6a04-4cc4-8d19-90d38c185c17: copyright USNM, Washington. (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1561688; 7a486cd7-7409-42b5-9125-d5728e8608a5: copyright MNHN, Paris. female of synonym Cuniculina irregulariterdentata (holotype, on left). (CollectionObject).

Nomenclature (40)

Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904: 40.
Holotype; female; e15a0b15-6a04-4cc4-8d19-90d38c185c17; deposited at: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (USNM); Japan: Yokohama
Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904 in Kirby, 1904: 319.
... Show all ... (36)

Cuniculina irregulariterdentata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907: 202.
Holotype; female; 7a486cd7-7409-42b5-9125-d5728e8608a5; deposited at: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Japan
Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904 in Shiraki, 1911: 291, 299.
Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904 in Shiraki, 1935: 60-61.
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Shiraki, 1935: 26. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Yasumatsu, 1942: 7. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Yasumatsu, 1965: 57, pl. 29:1. Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Sellick, 1980: 155, fig. 94. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Cai, 1987: 28.
Cuniculina irregulariterdentata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 (subjective synonym of Phasma elongata Thunberg, 1815) in Kwon, Ha & Lee, 1992: 47.
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Sellick, 1998: 226. Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Bi & Wang, 1998: 210. Specimen or distribution
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Okada, 1999: 21. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Maekawa, Kitade & Matsumoto, 1999: 176. Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Bragg, 2001: 647. Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Wang, 2002: 15. Specimen or distribution
Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 271.
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 303.
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Hennemann, Conle & Zhang, 2008: 30. Phylogeny or classification
Baculum irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Chen & He, 2008: 295. Phylogeny or classification
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Kômoto, Yukuhiro, Ueda & Tomita, 2011: 45. Phylogeny or classification
Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904 in Ichikawa, 2013: 3, figs. Phylogeny or classification
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Ichikawa, 2013: 3. Phylogeny or classification
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Harman, 2013: 13. Specimen or distribution
Ramulus irregulariterdentatum (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Ho, 2014: 210.
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Yamaguchi & Nakamura, 2015: 35. Life zone and ecology data
Cuniculina irregulariterdentata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 (subjective synonym of Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904) in Ichikawa, 2016: 189. Phylogeny or classification
Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904) in Ichikawa, 2016: 189. Phylogeny or classification
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Suetsugu, Funaki, Takahashi, Ito & Yokoyama, 2018: 1504.
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Lee, 2018: 1. Life history
Cuniculina irregulariterdentata Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 (subjective synonym of Phraortes mikado Rehn, 1904) in Delfosse, Cliquennois, Depraetere & Robillard, 2019: 208. Specimen or distribution
Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904) in Suetsugu & Tomonari, 2020: 158. Life history
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Song, Li & Na, 2020: 8. Phylogeny or classification
Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904) in Yano, Ozaki, Suzuki, Yamazaki, Nasuno, Degawa & Tojo, 2021: 1. Economic matters
Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904) in Brock & Büscher, 2022: pl. 33, 551. Image or description; Specimen or distribution
Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904) in Katsube, Hisasue & Mita, 2022: 962. Specimen or distribution; Life history
Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) in Zhang & Guo, 2022: 113. Phylogeny or classification

Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904) in Suetsugu, Nozaki, Hirota, Funaki, Ito, Isagi, Suyama & Kaneko, 2023: 1-11. Phylogeny or classification; Behavior
Ramulus mikado (Rehn, 1904) in Nozaki, Chikami, Yano, Sato, Suetsugu & Kaneko, 2025: 1-5. Image or description; Behavior

Nomenclature references (37)

Bi, D.-ying & Wang, Z. (1998) Phasmatodea. In The Fauna and Taxonomy of Insects in Henan 2. China Agricultural Scientech Press. pp. 210–211.
Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 771 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/phasmids-of-borneo/
... Show all ... (33)

Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html

Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. (1907) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Clitumnini, Lonchodini, Bacunculini). In Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden: Vol. II. Verlag Engelmann, Leipzig. 181–338, pls 7–15. [in German] Available at http://www.archive.org/details/DieInsektenfamilieDerPhasmiden.Vol.Ii.PhasmidaeAnareolataeclitumnini

Cai, B.L. (1987) A list of Chinese Phasmids with the key to subfamilies. Contributions from Tianjin Natural Museum, 4, 26–30.

Chen, S.C. & He, Y.H. (2008) Phasmatodea of China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 476 pp. [in Chinese] Available at http://www.nhbs.com/phasmatodea-of-china-chinese-book

Delfosse, E., Cliquennois, N., Depraetere, M. & Robillard, T. (2019) Catalogue des types de la collection de phasmes du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris (Insecta, Phasmatodea). Zoosystema, 41(11), 181–235. Available at http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/zoosystema/41/11

Harman, A.J.E. (2013) The Development of the Phasmid Species List Part Six: PSG No.251 - PSG No. 300. The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter, 131, 12–14.

Hennemann, F.H., Conle, O.V. & Zhang, W. (2008) Catalogue of the Stick and Leaf-insects (Phasmatodea) of China, with a faunistic analysis, review of recent ecological and biological studies and bibliography (Insecta: Orthoptera: Phasmatodea. Zootaxa, 1735, 1–76. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/263468541_Catalogue_of_the_Stick_and_Leaf-insects_Phasmatodea_of_China_with_a_faunistic_analysis_review_of_recent_ecological_and_biological_studies_and_bibliography_Insecta_Orthoptera_Phasmatodea

Ho, G.W.-C. (2014) Taxonomic note on the genus Megalophasma Bi, 1995 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Lonchodinae). Hong Kong Entomological Bulletin, 6(1), 15–18, figs. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/323242862_Taxonomic_note_on_the_genus_Megalophasma_Bi_1995_Phasmida_Phasmatidae_Lonchodinae

Ichikawa, A. (2013) Taxonomic reports on the PHASMATODEA in Japan (1) pp. 2-11, (2) pp. 12-13, (3) pp. 14-15. [Phasmida of Japan, Entoria, Phraortes] in Japanese. Battarigisu, 151, 1–23.

Ichikawa, A. (2016) Phasmatodea. In The standard of Polyneoptera in Japan. Gakken Plus. pp. 176–196. Available at http://kawamo.co.jp/roppon-ashi/sub677.htm

Katsube, N., Hisasue, Y. & Mita, T. (2022) Stick insects at the Ito Campus of Kyushu University (Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan). Pulex, 101, 962–963. [in Japanese] Available at http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natsumi-Katsube

Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, Vol. 1, 501 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29661

Kwon, Y.J., Ha, J.S. & Lee, C.-E. (1992) Classification of the order Phasmida from Korea. Nature and Life, 22(2), 43–58.

Kômoto, N., Yukuhiro, K., Ueda, K. & Tomita, S. (2011) Exploring the molecular phylogeny of phasmids with whole mitochondrial genome sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58(1), 43–52. Available at http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21029786/

Lee, J. (2018) Biological characteristics and rearing conditions of the stick insect, Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Phasmida: Phasmatidae) [UNPUBLISHED]. PhD thesis. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University. Available at http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/143025/1/Biological%20characteristics%20and%20rearing%20conditions%20of%20the%20stick%20insect%2C%20Ramulus%20irregulariterdentatus%20%28Phasmida%3A%20Phasmatidae%29.pdf

Maekawa, K., Kitade, O. & Matsumoto, T. (1999) Molecular Phylogeny of Orthopteroid Insects based on the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase II Gene. Zoological Science (Tokyo), 16, 175–184. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/232696304_Molecular_Phylogeny_of_Orthopteroid_Insects_based_on_the_Mitochondrial_Cytochrome_Oxidase_II_Gene

Nozaki, T., Chikami, Y., Yano, K., Sato, R., Suetsugu, K. & Kaneko, S. (2025) Lack of successful sexual reproduction suggests the irreversible parthenogenesis in a stick insect. Ecology, 106(1)(1: e4522), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ecy.4522

Okada, M. (1999) In Nanafushi-No-Subete (All About Japanese Stick-Insects). Tonbo-Shuppan Publishing, Osaka. 1–56 pp. [in Japanese]

Otte, D. & Brock, P.D. (2005) In Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 414 pp. Available at http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24725959-phasmida-species-file

Rehn, J.A.G. (1904) Studies in the Orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 56, 38–107. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30096#page/48/mode/1up

Sellick, J.T.C. (1980) A study of the eggs of the insect order Phasmida with particular reference to establishing the taxonomic value of egg structure in this group. UNPUBLISHED. PhD thesis. University of London. Available at http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281183

Sellick, J.T.C. (1998) The micropylar plate of the eggs of Phasmida, with a survey of the range of plate form within the order. Systematic Entomology, 23, 203–228. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00056.x

Shiraki, T. (1911) Phasmiden und Mantiden Japans. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 7, 291–331, pl. 12. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/155123#page/321/mode/1up

Shiraki, T. (1935) Orthoptera of the Japanese Empire (Part IV) Phasmidae. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Taihoku lmperial University, Formosa, 14(3), 23–88, pl. 4–10. Available at http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.26267/page/n45/mode/2up

Song, N., Li, X. & Na, R. (2020) Mitochondrial genomes of stick insects (Phasmatodea) and phylogenetic considerations. PLOS One, 15(10 e0240186), 1–16. Available at http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0240186

Suetsugu, K. & Tomonari, N. (2020) Promiscuity among stick insects. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(3), 158. Available at http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fee.2185

Suetsugu, K., Funaki, S., Takahashi, A., Ito, K. & Yokoyama, T. (2018) Potential role of bird predation in the dispersal of otherwise flightless stick insects. Ecology, 99(6), 1504–1506. Available at http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecy.2230

Suetsugu, K., Nozaki, T., Hirota, S.K., Funaki, S., Ito, K., Isagi, Y., Suyama, Y. & Kaneko, S. (2023) Phylogeographical evidence for historical long-distance dispersal in the flightless stick insect Ramulus mikado. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 290(20231708), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1708

Thunberg, C.P. (1815) Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata plurimisque novis speciebus ditata ac descripta. Mémoires de L'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, 5, 211–301, pl. 3. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44403#page/257/mode/1up

Wang, Z. (2002) In Insect Fauna of Henan, Orthoneoptera. Henan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, Zhenghou.

Yamaguchi, H. & Nakamura, K. (2015) Effects of environmental factors on the regulation of egg diapause in the walking-stick insect, Ramulus irregulariterdentatus (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae). European Journal of Entomology, 111(1), 35–40. Available at http://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-environmental-factors-on-the-regulation-Yamaguchi-Nakamura/c39bf8e314557c772b8416c2f68c4badb714f092

Yano, K., Ozaki, T., Suzuki, T., Yamazaki, H., Nasuno, M., Degawa, Y. & Tojo, K. (2021) Outbreak of the stick insect, Ramulus mikado (Phasmatodea, Phasmatidae), in the Akashina area of Japan (Azumino City, Nagano Prefecture). Entomological Science, doi: 10.1111/ens.124, 1–5. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ens.12467

Yasumatsu, K. (1942) Eggs of Stick Insects. Bulletin of Takarazuka Insectarium, 18, 1–19. [in Japanese]

Yasumatsu, K. (1965) In Iconographa Insectorum Japonicorum Colore Naturali edita Vol. 3. Hokuryukan, Tokyo.
Zhang, C. & Guo, X. (2022) Organization of the mitochondrial genome of Ramulus irregulatiter dentatus (Phasmatidae: Phasmatidae). Frontiers in Genetics, 29, 967113. Available at http://https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.967113

Descendants and synonyms

Stats

Summary of taxonomic names by rank, showing valid extant names, fossil names, invalid names, and total counts.
Taxon	Valid names
Rank	Extant	Fossil	Invalid	Total
species	1	0	6	7