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Animalia
Neoptera
Polyneoptera
Orthopterida
Phasmida
Euphasmatodea
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815

family

Phasmatidae Leach, 1815

Type

Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 type genus of Phasmatidae Leach, 1815

Nomenclature (64)

Phasmatidae Leach, 1815: 119.
type genus Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815: 119.
type genus Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
... Show all ... (60)

Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 (incorrect original spelling of Phasmatidae Leach, 1815)
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Gray, 1833
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Gray, 1835
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Macleay, 1881: 536.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Kirby, 1904: 393.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Kirby, 1904: 372.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Rehn, 1904: 107.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Kirby, 1904: 317.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Shelford, 1909: 343-377.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Chopard, 1920: 160. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Karny, 1923: 235.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Günther, 1929: 615.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Handlirsch, 1930: 759. Phylogeny or classification; Key
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Cantrall, 1941: 1.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Günther, 1953: 546.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Key, 1960: 235-240.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Key, 1960: 235. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Wright, 1962: 354. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Wright, 1962: 354. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Kevan, 1963: 256.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in China, 1964
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Moxey, 1972: 44. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Sellick, 1975: 105.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Parfitt, 1975
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Ahern & Yen, 1977: 127. Specimen or distribution
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Bradley & Galil, 1977: 186.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Piza, 1978: 31.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Parfitt, 1980
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Kevan, 1982: 383.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Arnett, 1985: 115.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Sellick, 1988: 277. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Rentz, 1996: 254.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 1997: 113.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Balderson, Rentz & Roach, 1998: 376.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Bragg, 2001: 365.
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001: 179. (not Latin) Image or description
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001: 69. Phylogeny or classification
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 (synonym of Phasmatidae Leach, 1815)
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Brock, 2003: 221.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 31.
Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 31.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Hennemann & Conle, 2008: 17.
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Hennemann & Conle, 2008
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Bradler, 2009: 3. Phylogeny or classification
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Bradler, 2009: 103. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2016: 259. Key
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2017: 91. Key
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2017: 127. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2018: 397. Phylogeny or classification
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Robertson, Bradler & Whiting, 2018: 1. Phylogeny or classification
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Bradler & Buckley, 2018: 297. Phylogeny or classification
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Büscher, Buckley, Grohmann, Gorb & Bradler, 2018: 4.
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Simon, Letsch, Bank, Buckley, Donath, Liu, Machida, Meusemann, Misof, Podsiadlowski, Zhou, Wipfler & Bradler, 2019: 1. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Hennemann, 2020: 151. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2020: 243. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Cliquennois, 2020: 416, 418. Phylogeny or classification
Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Hennemann, 2020: 151. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Hennemann, 2021: 69. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2021: 701. Phylogeny or classification
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Brock & Büscher, 2022: 29. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification

Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Qian, Xie, Wen & Wang, 2023: 17.
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2023: 415. Phylogeny or classification

Nomenclature references (54)

Ahern, L.D. & Yen, A.L. (1977) A comparison of the invertebrate fauna under Eucalyptus and Pinus forests in the Otway Ranges, Victoria. 89, 127–136. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/260684#page/305/mode/1up
Arnett, R.H. (1985) In American insects: a handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. First edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
... Show all ... (50)

Balderson, J., Rentz, D.C.F. & Roach, A.M.E. (1998) Phasmatodea. In W.W.K. Houston & A. Wells (Eds.). Zoological Catalog of Australia. Vol. 23. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. pp. 347–376, 451–456.

Bradler, S. & Buckley, T.R. (2018) 11. Biodiversity of Phasmatodea. In Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 281–313. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/326051925_Biodiversity_of_Phasmatodea

Bradler, S. (2001) Die australischen Stabschrecken - die "Beuteltiere" unter den Phasmatodea? Verhandlungen des Westdeutschen Entomologen Tag 2000, 2000, 179–184. Available at http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Verh-Westd-Entom-Tag_2000_0179-0184.pdf

Bradler, S. (2001) The Australian stick insects - a monophyletic group within the Phasmatodea? Zoology 104 Supplement, 104(Supp 4), 69.

Bradler, S. (2009) In Die Phylogenie der Stab- und Gespentschrecken (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Vol 2.1 Species, Phylogeny and Evolution. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Vol. 2.1, 3–139 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/255907469_Die_Phylogenie_der_Stab-_und_Gespenstschrecken_Insecta_Phasmatodea

Bradley, J.C. & Galil, B.S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington, 79(2), 176–208. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16301624#page/194/mode/1up

Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 771 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/phasmids-of-borneo/

Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html

Brock, P.D. (2003) Phasmida (Stick and leaf insects). In Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Insects. Gale Group. pp. 221–231. Available at http://lemondedesphasmes.free.fr/IMG/pdf/sp657794.pdf

Büscher, T.H., Buckley, T.R., Grohmann, C., Gorb, S. & Bradler, S. (2018) The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 69. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00069/full

Cantrall, I.J. (1941) In Compendium of entomological methods. Part II. Notes on collecting and preserving Orthoptera. Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc, New York. 1–28 pp.

China, W.E. (1964) Opinion 716. Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 (Insecta, Phasmatodea): added to the official list of family-group names. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 21(6), 420–421. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12222291#page/465/mode/1up

Chopard, L. (1920) PhD thesis. Thèses Unicv. Paris, Rennes. In Recherches sur la conformation det le développement des derniers segments abdominaux chez le Orthoptères. 1–352 pp. [in French] Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/50305#/summary

Cliquennois, N. (2020) Chapitre 18 Ordre des Phasmatodea (Phasmes). In H.-P. Aberlenc (Ed.). Les Insectes du Monde Biodiversité, classification, clés de détermination des familles. Éditions Museo. Vol. 1, pp. 403–437. Available at http://www.museo-editions.com/les-insectes-du-monde

Gray, G.R. (1833) The Entomology of Australia, in a series of monographs. Part 1 containing the monograph of the genus Phasma. G.R. Gray, also sold at Longman & Co., London. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/164945#/summary

Gray, G.R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, London, 48 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8697

Günther, K. (1929) Die Phasmoiden der Deutschen Kaiserin Augusta-Fluss-Expedition 1912/13. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Phasmoidenfauna Neuguineas. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 14, 600–747, pl. 1–7.

Günther, K. (1953) Über die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 3(5), 541–563. Available at http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Beitraege-zur-Entomologie_3_0541-0563.pdf

Handlirsch, A.P.J. (1930) 6. Ordnung der Pterygogonea: Phasmida (Gespenst- oder Stabheuschrecken). In Handbuch der Zoologie, Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig. pp. 751–765.

Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906, 1–316. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frank_Hennemann

Hennemann, F.H. (2020) Megacraniinae—The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: “Anareolatae”). Zootaxa, 4896(2), 151–179. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/347519362_Megacraniinae-The_Palm_Stick_Insects_A_new_subfamily_of_Old_World_Phasmatodea_and_a_redefinition_of_Platycraninae_Brunner_v_Wattenwyl_1893_Phasmatodea_Anareolatae

Hennemann, F.H. (2021) Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia — a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa, 5073(1), 1–189. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/356813971_Stick_insects_of_Sulawesi_Peleng_and_the_Sula_Islands_Indonesia-a_review_including_checklists_of_species_and_descriptions_of_new_taxaInsecta_Phasmatodea

Karny, H.H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Hortus Botanicus Bogoriensis, Java (Treubia), 3(2), 230–242. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110723#page/310/mode/1up

Kevan, D.K.M.E. (1963) Phasmidae vs. Phasmatidae: Comment Z.N.(S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 20(4), 256. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44462#page/296/mode/1up

Kevan, D.K.M.E. (1982) Phasmoptera. In Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. Vol. 2, pp. 379–383.

Key, K.H.L. (1960) Proposed addition of certain generic and specific names in the Family Phasmatidae (Class Insecta, Order Phasmatodea) to the official lists and indexes. Z.N.(S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 17(6-8), 235–240. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1uphttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1up

Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, Vol. 1, 501 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29661

Kirby, W.F. (1904) Notes on Phasmidae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, with descriptions of new species. - No. 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7)13, 372–377. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54611#page/392/mode/1up

Leach, W.E. (1815) Entomology. In The Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 57–172. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/58397#page/127/mode/1up

Macleay, W.J. (1881) On a species of Phasmatidae destructive to Eucalypti. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 6(3), 536–539. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3344048/#page/554/mode/1up

Moxey, C.F. (1972) The stick-insects (Phasmatodea) of the West Indies -- their systematics and ecology [UNPUBLISHED]. Harvard University, 1–211, pl. 1–20. PhD thesis.

Otte, D. & Brock, P.D. (2005) In Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 414 pp. Available at http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24725959-phasmida-species-file

Parfitt, R. (1975)

Parfitt, R. (1980) The cytology and feulgen-DNA microdensitometry of some New Zealand stick insect species (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) [UNPUBLISHED]. PhD thesis. Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/35391069_The_cytology_and_Feulgen-DNA_microdensitometry_of_some_New_Zealand_stick_insect_species_Phasmatodea_Phasmatidae_a_thesis_submitted_to_Victoria_University_of_Wellington_in_partial_fulfilment_of_the_req

Piza, S.de T., Jr. (1978) Miscelanea Inst. M. Lillo, 64.

Qian, Y.H., Xie, C.X., Wen, J. & Wang, Y. (2023) Review of stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea) from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve of China, with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 5257(1), 17–39. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/369476456_Review_of_stick_insects_Insecta_Phasmatodea_from_Yintiaoling_Nature_Reserve_of_China_with_description_of_two_new_species

Rehn, J.A.G. (1904) Studies in the Orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 56, 38–107. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30096#page/48/mode/1up

Rentz, D.C.F. (1996) Grasshopper country. The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. Orthoptera; grasshoppers, katydids, crickets. Blattodea; cockroaches. Mantodea; mantids. Phasmatodea; stick insects. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 284 pp. Available at http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G0Z2wY2B2ncC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grasshopper+country

Robertson, J.A., Bradler, S. & Whiting, M.F. (2018) Evolution of oviposition techniques in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 216, 1–16. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00216/full

Sellick, J.T.C. (1975) A key to the subfamilies of Phasmida. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, 87, 104–107. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29976632#page/176/mode/1up

Sellick, J.T.C. (1988) The capitula of phasmid eggs: an update with a review of the current state of phasmid ootaxonomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 93, 273–282. Available at http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/93/3/273/2658287?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Seow-Choen, F. (1997) A guide to the stick and leaf insects of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francis_Seow-Choen

Seow-Choen, F. (2016) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 454 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/taxonomic-guide-stick-insects-borneo/

Seow-Choen, F. (2017) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Borneo: Vol. II. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Kota Kinabalu, 261 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-borneo-vol-2/

Seow-Choen, F. (2017) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 163 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/taxonomic-guide-stick-insects-singapore/

Seow-Choen, F. (2018) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Sumatra: Vol. I. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 703 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-sumatra-vol-1/

Seow-Choen, F. (2020) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Sumatra: Vol. II. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 402 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/books/animals/

Seow-Choen, F. (2021) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Peninsular Malaysia: Vol. I. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 944 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-peninsular-malaysia/

Seow-Choen, F. (2023) A taxonomic guide to the Stick Insects of Java, Vol. 1. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 652 pp. Available at https://www.nhpborneo.com/book/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-java-vol-1/

Shelford, R.W.C. (1909) Family Phasmidae. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta Orthoptera 2, 343–377, pl. 5–8. Available at http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/bca/navigation/bca_20_02_00/bca_20_02_00select.cfm

Simon, S., Letsch, H., Bank, S., Buckley, T.R., Donath, A., Liu, S., Machida, R., Meusemann, K., Misof, B., Podsiadlowski, L., Zhou, X., Wipfler, B. & Bradler, S. (2019) Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7(345), 1–14. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5568/stick-insect-research-in-the-era-of-genomics-exploring-the-evolution-of-a-mesodiverse-insect-order#articles
Wright, C.W. (1962) Comment on Phasmidae vs. Phasmatidae. Z.N. (S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 19, 354. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12221241#page/402/mode/1up

Descendants and synonyms

Stats

Summary of taxonomic names by rank, showing valid extant names, fossil names, invalid names, and total counts.
Taxon	Valid names
Rank	Extant	Fossil	Invalid	Total
family	1	0	2	3
subfamily	10	0	8	18
tribe	21	0	7	28
genus	132	0	71	203
species	710	0	1202	1912
subspecies	28	0	41	69