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Phasmida Species File
species

Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826)

Macleay's Spectre; Giant Prickly Stick-insect; Spiny Leaf-insect
Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826): copyright D.C.F. Rentz. young nymph, Qld: Mt. Glorius, x.1988. (Otu).
Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826): copyright D.C.F. Rentz. young nymph, Qld: Mt. Glorius, x.1988. (Otu).
Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826): copyright D.C.F. Rentz. male, Qld: Garradunga, i.1994. (Otu).
Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826): copyright D.C.F. Rentz. female, x.1986. (Otu).
Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826): copyright J. Sztraka. large female nymph, Queensland: Kuranda, 6 January 2007. (Otu).
Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826): copyright Alexander Karas. mating pair on Muntingia calabura, Beerwah, SE Queensland, Australia, 13 February, 2008. (Otu).
Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay, 1826): copyright Alexander Karas. Lichen form female, Landsborough, Queensland, Australia. feeding on Drunken Parrot Tree Schotia brachypetala, 18 October 2014. (Otu).
CollectionObject 1558784; bef01d1e-e6b3-4b2e-8690-b90a7bdb3aad: copyright UMO. Extatosoma bufonium female juv. (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558784; bef01d1e-e6b3-4b2e-8690-b90a7bdb3aad: copyright UMO. Extatosoma bufonium female juv. (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558784; bef01d1e-e6b3-4b2e-8690-b90a7bdb3aad: copyright UMO. Extatosoma bufonium female juv. (holotype), also data labels. (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558785; 8d1483d7-707e-497d-8188-1cb0c07a2f69: copyright ANIC, Canberra. female of synonym Extatosoma elongatum (lectotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558785; 8d1483d7-707e-497d-8188-1cb0c07a2f69: copyright ANIC, Canberra. female, data labels of synonym Extatosoma elongatum (lectotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558785; 8d1483d7-707e-497d-8188-1cb0c07a2f69: copyright ANIC, Canberra. female: head and thorax, lateral view of synonym Extatosoma elongatum (lectotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558785; 8d1483d7-707e-497d-8188-1cb0c07a2f69: copyright ANIC, Canberra. female: end of abdomen, lateral view of synonym Extatosoma elongatum (lectotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558785; 8d1483d7-707e-497d-8188-1cb0c07a2f69: copyright ANIC, Canberra. female: abdomen, dorsal view of synonym Extatosoma elongatum (lectotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558786; 4e0ae4b5-258e-4331-bbe1-dbfa1650c1d0: from original publication (Macleay 1826). female (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558787; 0b960f35-c7d1-4383-a54b-89a33fa6d8ed: copyright OUMNH. male of synonym Extatosoma hopii (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558787; 0b960f35-c7d1-4383-a54b-89a33fa6d8ed: copyright UMO. male, lateral view of synonym Extatosoma hopii (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558787; 0b960f35-c7d1-4383-a54b-89a33fa6d8ed: copyright OUMNH. male: head & thorax, dorsal view of synonym Extatosoma hopii (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558787; 0b960f35-c7d1-4383-a54b-89a33fa6d8ed: copyright OUMNH. male: head & thorax, lateral view of synonym Extatosoma hopii (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558787; 0b960f35-c7d1-4383-a54b-89a33fa6d8ed: copyright OUMNH. male: end of abdomen, dorsal view of synonym Extatosoma hopii (holotype). (CollectionObject).
CollectionObject 1558787; 0b960f35-c7d1-4383-a54b-89a33fa6d8ed: copyright OUMNH. male: end of abdomen, lateral view of synonym Extatosoma hopii (holotype). (CollectionObject).

Nomenclature (230)

  • Phasma tiaratum MacLeay, 1826: 455, app. pl. B:3-4. (valid) Image or description; Phylogeny or classification

    Holotype; female; 4e0ae4b5-258e-4331-bbe1-dbfa1650c1d0; deposited at: University of Sydney, Macleay Museum (MAMU); Australia: whilst locality not given, likely to be Parramatta, New South Wales

  • Phasma (Extatosoma) hopei Gray, 1833: 23, pl. 8:1. Phylogeny or classification

    Holotype; male; 0b960f35-c7d1-4383-a54b-89a33fa6d8ed; deposited at: Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUM); Australia

  • ... Show all ... (226)
  • Extatosoma tiaratum (Macleay, 1826) in McGavin & Davranoglou, 2023: 116. Specimen or distribution
  • Extatosoma tiaratum (Macleay, 1826) in Ragazzini, Gattelli, Plazzi & Passamonti, 2025: 1-17. Behavior

Nomenclature references (205)

  • Adams, M. (1983) Food and defense of S. sipylus and E. tiaratum. The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter, 15, 2.
  • Alavi, Y. (2016) The evolutionary significance of parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction in the Australian spiny leaf insect, Extatosoma tiaratum UNPUBLISHED. 1–149 pp. PhD thesis. The University of Melbourne. Available at http://www.ecolsoc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/PhD-thesis-Yassaman.pdf
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  • Alavi, Y., Elgar, M.A. & Jones, T.M. (2016) Male Mating Success and the Effect of Mating History on Ejaculate Traits in a Facultatively Parthenogenic Insect (Extatosoma tiaratum). Ethology, 122, 523–530. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eth.12497/abstract
  • Alavi, Y., Rooyen, A.van, Elgar, M.A., Jones, T.M. & Weeks, A.R. (2017) Novel microsatellite markers suggest the mechanism of parthenogenesis in Extatosoma tiaratum is automixis with terminal fusion. Insect Science, 2016, 1–9. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1744-7917.12373/full
  • Alderton, D. (1997) Your first stick insect. Kingdom Books, Havant, 31 pp.
  • Alderton, D. (2002) How to Care for your Stick Insect. Kingdom Books, Havant, 34 pp.
  • Anonymous (2002, December) In Stick Insects L227. School Science Service, Uxbridge.
  • Audinet-Serville, J.G. (1838) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthoptères. Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 1–776, pls 1–14. [1839; in French] Available at http://www.archive.org/details/histoirenaturel01guilgoog
  • Baccetti, B. (1987) Spermatozoa and stick insects phylogeny. In M. Mazzini & V. Scali (Eds.). Stick Insects: Phylogeny and reproduction. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Stick Insects, Siena. University of Siena. pp. 117–124. [1986]
  • Baker, E.W. (2015) The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks. Agriculture & Food Security, 4(22), 1–19. Available at http://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-015-0040-6
  • Balderson, J., Rentz, D.C.F. & Roach, A.M.E. (1998) Phasmatodea. In W.W.K. Houston & A. Wells (Eds.). Zoological Catalog of Australia. Vol. 23. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. pp. 347–376, 451–456.
  • Baxter, R.N. (2002) Rearing Stick and Leaf Insects. Chudleigh Publishing, Ilford, 103 pp. Available at http://www.pemberleybooks.com/product/rearing-stick-and-leaf-insects/5624/
  • Bedford, G.O. (1978) Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annual Review of Entomology, 23, 125–149. Available at http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.001013
  • Bian, X., Elgar, M.A. & Peters, R.A. (2016) The swaying behavior of Extatosoma tiaratum: motion camouflage in a stick insect? 27(1), 83–92. Available at http://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arv125
  • Bowling, D. (1991) Extatosoma tiaratum skin shedding from hatching to adulthood. The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter, 49, 7–8.
  • Brewster, M.N., Brewster, A.A. & Crouch, N. (1920) Family Phasmidæ (Leaf and Stick Insects.). In Life Stories of Australian Insects. Dymock's Book Arcade, Sydney. 33–39 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35291#page/49/mode/1up
  • Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html
  • Brock, P.D. & Coupland, R. (2022) Studying the phasmids of Springbrook Mountain, Binna Burra and surrounds, southeast Queensland. Phasmid Studies, 21, 15–74. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/367341619_Studying_the_phasmids_of_Springbrook_Mountain_Binna_Burra_and_surrounds_southeast_Queensland
  • Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J.W. (2007) Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa, 1570, 1–84. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/287837852_Studies_on_the_Australian_stick_insects_Phasmida_including_a_checklist_of_species_and_bibliography
  • Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J.W. (2009) In The Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. 204 pp. Available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6012.htm
  • Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J.W. (2015) Australian stick and leaf insects (Insecta, Phasmida): camouflage and natural history. In Camouflage cultures: beyond the art of disappearance. Sydney University Press, Sydney. pp. 47–64. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bh4b60
  • Brock, P.D. (1974) Rearing insects. Growing the Australian Stick-Insect Extatosoma tiaratum. TIEG, 8(4), 20–21.
  • Brock, P.D. (1975) Breeding some common stick insects. TIEG, 10(1), 27–28.
  • Brock, P.D. (1975) Unusual behaviour in Stick Insects – Part 1. AES Insect Behaviour Group Newsletter, 8, 4–5.
  • Brock, P.D. (1985) In The Phasmid Rearer’s Handbook (Stick Insects and Leaf Insects). The Amateur Entomologists’ Society. The Amateur Entomologist Vol. 20, Feltham. 41 pp.
  • Brock, P.D. (1992) New Edition. Rearing and studying stick and leaf insects. The Amateur Entomologist. The Amateur Entomologists' Society, London, Vol. 22, 73 pp. Available at http://shop.amentsoc.org/rearing-and-studying-stick-and-leaf-insects.html
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  • Brock, P.D. (1995) Fetching Sticks. Animal keeper, 2, 5, 50.
  • Brock, P.D. (2000) A complete guide to breeding Stick and Leaf Insects. Kingdom Books, Havant, 1–67 pp.
  • Brock, P.D. (2000) Phasmid Postcards. The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter, 83, 9 & front cover.
  • Brock, P.D. (2002) Studies on the Australasian stick-insect genus Extatosoma Gray (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Tropidoderinae: Extatosomatini). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 10(2), 303–313. [2001] Available at http://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-orthoptera-research/volume-10/issue-2/1082-6467(2001)010[0303:SOTASI]2.0.CO;2/Studies-on-the-Australasian-stick-insect-genus-Extatosoma-Gray-Phasmida/10.1665/1082-6467(2001)010[0303:SOTASI]2.0.CO;2.full
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  • Buckley, T.R., Attanayake, D. & Bradler, S. (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1055–1062. [2008] Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/23763933_Extreme_convergence_in_stick_insect_evolution_Phylogenetic_placement_of_the_Lord_Howe_Island_tree_lobster
  • Burke, N.W.B. & Bonduriansky, R. (2022) Sexually but not parthenogenetically produced females benefit from mating in a stick insect. Functional Ecology. Available at http://https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14095
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  • Bässler, U. (1979) Interactions of central and peripheral mechanisms during walking in first instar stick insects, Extatosoma tiaratum. Physiological Entomology, 4, 193–199.
  • Büscher, T.H., Buckley, T.R., Grohmann, C., Gorb, S. & Bradler, S. (2018) The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 69. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00069/full
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  • Carlberg, U. (1980) Number of nymphal instars in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Phasmida: Tropidoderinae) with notes on biology. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 116, 59–65.
  • Carlberg, U. (1980) some long-antenna's specimens of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Phasmida) described by W. W. Froggatt, 1905. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 115, 29–30. [1979]
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  • Carlberg, U. (1981) Contributions to the knowledge of Phasmida III. Diapause in the eggs of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay). The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 92, 180–181.
  • Carlberg, U. (1981) Defensive behaviour in adult female Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Phasmida). The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 116, 133–138.
  • Carlberg, U. (1981) Nymphal mortality in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Phasmida). Biologisches Zentralblatt, 100, 67–69.
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  • Carlberg, U. (1983) External morphological postembryonic development in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 110, 365–372.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Hatching rhythms in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Physiologie, 88, 441–446.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Non-induced extra moulting in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 112, 365–367.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Oviposition behaviour in the Australian stick insect Extatosoma tiaratum. Experientia, 40, 888–889.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Quiescent periods around the imaginal ecdysis of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 111, 401–407.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Sizes of eggs and oviposition females of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 212, 226–228.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Survival of first instar nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 212(1/2), 68–72.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Variations in the Egg-size of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 212(1/2), 61–67.
  • Carlberg, U. (1984) Walking velocity vs temperature in first instar nymphs of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 212(3/4), 223–225.
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  • Carlberg, U. (1985) Oviposition rhythm in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 214, 70–80.
  • Carlberg, U. (1985) Postembryonic variations in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 113, 165–169.
  • Carlberg, U. (1986) Antennae ontogeny in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 114, 157–166.
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  • Carlberg, U. (1988) Aspects of evolution and ecology in relation to defecation and oviposition behaviour of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Biologisches Zentralblatt, 107, 541–551.
  • Carlberg, U. (1988) Food consumption in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 220(3/4), 195–202.
  • Carlberg, U. (1988) Postembryonic growth in length and mass in Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 220(3/4), 203–215.
  • Carlberg, U. (1988) Reproduction biology of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 219, 331–336.
  • Carlberg, U. (1989) Aspects of evolution and ecology in relation to defecation and oviposition behaviour of Extatosoma tiaratum (MacLeay) (Insecta: Phasmida). Fauna Norvegica Series B, 36, 67–68.
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Descendants and synonyms

Stats

Summary of taxonomic names by rank, showing valid extant names, fossil names, invalid names, and total counts.
Taxon Valid names
Rank Extant Fossil Invalid Total
species101213