species

Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814)

Spur-legged Stick-insect

Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814): copyright P.D. Brock. male, South Australia: Mt. Lofty, February 2007. (Otu).

Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814): copyright P.D. Brock. habitat, South Australia: Mt. Lofty, February 2007. (Otu).

Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814): copyright NMW, Vienna. female of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (Otu).

CollectionObject 1558404; 4ebebbe4-5bc4-4da5-bd56-b4cd5f0c5c22: from original publication, Leach 1814. male (holotype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558405; NMW 749, 19b829f9-96e2-4779-baea-4a1041e4609a: copyright NMW, Vienna. female, lateral view of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558405; NMW 749, 19b829f9-96e2-4779-baea-4a1041e4609a: copyright NMW, Vienna. female: end of abdomen, lateral view of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558406; NMW 749', 92bad12c-f936-4aaa-9e65-f41148fcac0a: copyright NMW, Vienna. male of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558406; NMW 749', 92bad12c-f936-4aaa-9e65-f41148fcac0a: copyright NMW, Vienna. male, lateral view of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558407; 944bd3e1-cf89-4661-8397-a50191438911, NMW 749'': copyright NMW, Vienna. female of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558408; NMW 749''', d0acf5bb-4704-4f3c-a381-8f29273ea795: copyright NMW, Vienna. male of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558410; e1403b8f-81b4-40b8-831c-b0d06b03da3e: copyright MNHN, Paris. male of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).;CollectionObject 1558411; 49535be7-9682-4b58-a50f-c5a41543865a: copyright MNHN, Paris. male of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1558414; NHMUK(SF IMPORT DUPLICATE) 845091, 59589231-d97c-45df-9f99-8e020a149c35: copyright Natural History Museum, London. female of synonym Phasma (Diura) roseipennis (holotype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1587028; d81b3c08-898b-49fd-95d0-fbf545015853: copyright MNHN, Paris. male of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).;CollectionObject 1587029; 4b5d035b-c2ac-49c1-97cf-8f27961cbd2b: copyright MNHN, Paris. male of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1587028; d81b3c08-898b-49fd-95d0-fbf545015853: copyright MNHN, Paris. male, data labels of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).;CollectionObject 1587029; 4b5d035b-c2ac-49c1-97cf-8f27961cbd2b: copyright MNHN, Paris. male, data labels of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1587028; d81b3c08-898b-49fd-95d0-fbf545015853: copyright MNHN, Paris. female of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).;CollectionObject 1587029; 4b5d035b-c2ac-49c1-97cf-8f27961cbd2b: copyright MNHN, Paris. female of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1587028; d81b3c08-898b-49fd-95d0-fbf545015853: copyright MNHN, Paris. male, data label of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).;CollectionObject 1587029; 4b5d035b-c2ac-49c1-97cf-8f27961cbd2b: copyright MNHN, Paris. male, data label of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1587028; d81b3c08-898b-49fd-95d0-fbf545015853: copyright MNHN, Paris. male, labels of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).;CollectionObject 1587029; 4b5d035b-c2ac-49c1-97cf-8f27961cbd2b: copyright MNHN, Paris. male, labels of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1587028; d81b3c08-898b-49fd-95d0-fbf545015853: copyright MNHN, Paris. female, data labels of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).;CollectionObject 1587029; 4b5d035b-c2ac-49c1-97cf-8f27961cbd2b: copyright MNHN, Paris. female, data labels of synonym Diura discolor (syntype). (CollectionObject).

Nomenclature (102)

Phasma violescens Leach, 1814: 26, pl. 9.
Holotype; male; 4ebebbe4-5bc4-4da5-bd56-b4cd5f0c5c22; deposited at: University of Sydney, Macleay Museum (MAMU); Brazil: Nova Hollandia
Phasma violascens [sic] (Leach, 1814) in Leach, 1815: 119.
... Show all ... (98)

Phasma violascens [sic] (Leach, 1814) (misspelling of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Leach, 1815: 119.
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833: 22, 27, pl. 7:1.
Holotype; female; NHMUK(SF IMPORT DUPLICATE) 845091; deposited at: Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK); Brazil: Nova Hollandia
Phasma (Diura) violascens [sic] Leach, 1814 in Gray, 1833: 21, 27, pl. 7:2.
Acrophylla roseipennis (Gray, 1833) in Gray, 1835: 41.
Cyphocrania [sic] violascens (Leach, 1814) in Burmeister, 1838: 580.
Acrophylla violascens [sic] (Leach, 1814) in Westwood, 1859: 116. Phylogeny or classification; Image or description
Acrophylla violescens (Leach, 1814) in Stål, 1875: 8.
Acrophylla violascens [sic] (Leach, 1814) in McCoy, 1883: 33, pl. 79:1-2. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Rainbow, 1897: 41.
Acrophylla violescens (Leach, 1814) in Rainbow, 1897: 41.
Acrophylla violascens [sic] (Leach, 1814) in Tepper, 1903: 281. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Kirby, 1904: 381.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Kirby, 1904: 381.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Froggatt, 1907: 37.
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908: 382.
Syntype; female; NMW 749; deposited at: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (NMW); Australia. Syntype; male; NMW 749'; deposited at: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (NMW); Australia. Syntype; female; NMW 749''; deposited at: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (NMW); Australia: Lord Howe Island [probably in error]. Syntype; male; NMW 749'''; deposited at: Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (NMW); Australia. Syntype; female; 4950a98e-25db-4227-9b7d-ba562be0c98a; deposited at: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany (SMNS); Australia: central. Syntype; male; e1403b8f-81b4-40b8-831c-b0d06b03da3e; deposited at: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Australia: Rio Munaige. Syntypes (n= 2); female; 49535be7-9682-4b58-a50f-c5a41543865a; deposited at: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Australia: Rio Munaige. Syntypes (n= 2); male; 356850b0-304d-4134-b37b-7d5acd985768; deposited at: Uebersee-Museum, Bremen or Department of Zoology, University of Bremen (UMBB); Brazil: Nova Hollandia . Syntypes (n= 2); female; 209abc82-ddb7-4047-9370-77fe421eba6f; deposited at: Uebersee-Museum, Bremen or Department of Zoology, University of Bremen (UMBB); Brazil: Nova Hollandia . Syntype; female; 0e7d6ca3-2921-4c5d-83b7-a9ef303d26b0; deposited at: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany (SMNS); Australia: New South Wales; Sydney. Syntypes (n= 5); male; d81b3c08-898b-49fd-95d0-fbf545015853; deposited at: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Australia. Syntypes (n= 3); female; 4b5d035b-c2ac-49c1-97cf-8f27961cbd2b; deposited at: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN); Australia
Diura violascens [sic] (Leach, 1814) in Redtenbacher, 1908: 382.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Casimer, 1956: 87, 94.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Key, 1957: 247, pl. 1-3.
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Key, 1960: 236. Phylogeny or classification
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Campbell, 1960: 121. Ecological data
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Key, 1960: 235. Phylogeny or classification
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Campbell, 1961: 112. Ecological data
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Hadlington & Shipp, 1961: 268. Specimen or distribution; Life history; Behavior
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in China & Riley, 1962: 19.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Neumann & Endacott, 1962: 6.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Heather, 1965: 33.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Readshaw, 1965: 475.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Mazanec, 1966: 125.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Campbell & Hadlington, 1967: 1.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Mazanec, 1967: 221.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Mazanec, 1968: 3.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Readshaw, 1968: 37.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Readshaw & Mazanec, 1969: 29.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Craddock, 1970: 1380.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Bedford, 1970: 155.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Key, 1970: 351, fig. 22.3d; 358.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Readshaw & Bedford, 1971: 141.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Healy & Smithers, 1971: 25, pl. 10. Image or description
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Craddock, 1972: 448.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Craddock, 1974: 24.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Campbell, 1974: 3.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Craddock, 1975: 1.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Neumann, 1976: 1.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Neumann, 1976: 183.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Neumann, Harris & Wood, 1977: 1.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Bedford, 1978: 126. Phylogeny or classification
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Neumann, 1978: 217.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Goode, 1980: 41.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Sellick, 1980: 163, fig. 98. Phylogeny or classification
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Hinton, 1981: fig. Image or description
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Hadlington & Johnston, 1982: 26. Ecological data
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Vickery, 1983: 6.
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Vickery, 1983: 5.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Vickery, 1983: 5.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Carlberg, 1986: 1.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Carlberg, 1986: 643. Life history
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Masetti, 1987: 150.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Scali & Marescalchi, 1987: 211. Phylogeny or classification
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Carlberg, 1987: 47. Structure
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Sellick, 1988: 280. Phylogeny or classification
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Semmens, McQuillan & Hayhurst, 1992: 63. Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Hughes & Westoby, 1992: 644.
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Hennemann, Gehler & Conle, 1995: 438.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Rentz, 1996: 248, figs..
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Hughes, 1996: 35.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Horne & Crawford, 1996: 34, figs..
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Balderson, Rentz & Roach, 1998: 366.
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Balderson, Rentz & Roach, 1998: 366.
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Brock, 1998: 26.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Sellick, 1998: 224. Phylogeny or classification
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Balderson, Rentz & Roach, 1998: 366.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Brock, 1999: 28.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Collett & McCormick, 2001: 1.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Williams, 2002: 192. Specimen or distribution
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Hennemann & Conle, 2003: 5.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Schoenborn, Collett & McCormick, 2003: 1.
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Zompro, 2005: 4, fig..
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 125.
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 126.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 125.
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007: 74.
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007: 74.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007: 74.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Maginnis & Maginnis, 2007: 52.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Maginnis, 2008
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Brock & Hasenpusch, 2009: 124, figs., 174. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification; Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Gullan & Cranston, 2014: 504, fig. Image or description
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Baker, 2015: 11. Ecological data
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Bradler, 2015: 8, fig. Image or description
Phasma (Diura) roseipenne Gray, 1833 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Brock, Marshall, Beccaloni & Harman, 2016: 192. Phylogeny or classification; Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Farrow, 2016: 69, 109. Image or description
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Rudolf & Brock, 2017: e.T80200678A80200874. Ecological data; Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Bradler & Buckley, 2018: 284, fig. Image or description
Diura discolor Redtenbacher, 1908 (subjective synonym of Phasma violescens Leach, 1814) in Delfosse, Cliquennois, Depraetere & Robillard, 2019: 199. Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in O'Hanlon, Jones & Bulbert, 2020: 6.
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Williams, 2020: 127. Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Brock & Büscher, 2022: 467, 560, figs. Image or description; Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Brock & Coupland, 2022: 52, figs. Image or description; Specimen or distribution

Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in Coupland, 2022: 8. Specimen or distribution
Didymuria violescens (Leach, 1814) in McGavin & Davranoglou, 2023: 116. Behavior

Nomenclature references (88)

Baker, E.W. (2015) The worldwide status of phasmids (Insecta: Phasmida) as pests of agriculture and forestry, with a generalised theory of phasmid outbreaks. Agriculture & Food Security, 4(22), 1–19. Available at http://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-015-0040-6
Balderson, J., Rentz, D.C.F. & Roach, A.M.E. (1998) Phasmatodea. In W.W.K. Houston & A. Wells (Eds.). Zoological Catalog of Australia. Vol. 23. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. pp. 347–376, 451–456.
... Show all ... (84)

Bedford, G.O. (1970) The development of the egg of Didymuria violescens - embryology and determination of the stage at which first diapause occurs. Australian Journal of Zoology, 18, 155–169.

Bedford, G.O. (1978) Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annual Review of Entomology, 23, 125–149. Available at http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.001013

Bradler, S. & Buckley, T.R. (2018) 11. Biodiversity of Phasmatodea. In Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 281–313. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/326051925_Biodiversity_of_Phasmatodea

Bradler, S. (2015) Der Phasmatodea Tree of Life: Überraschendes und Ungeklärtes in der Stabschrecken-Evolution [The Phasmatodea Tree of Life: Surprising Facts and Open Questions in the Evolution of Stick and Leaf Insects]. Entomologie heute, 27, 1–23. Available at http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Entomologie-heute_27_0001-0023.pdf

Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html

Brock, P.D. & Coupland, R. (2022) Studying the phasmids of Springbrook Mountain, Binna Burra and surrounds, southeast Queensland. Phasmid Studies, 21, 15–74. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/367341619_Studying_the_phasmids_of_Springbrook_Mountain_Binna_Burra_and_surrounds_southeast_Queensland

Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J.W. (2007) Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida), including a checklist of species and bibliography. Zootaxa, 1570, 1–84. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/287837852_Studies_on_the_Australian_stick_insects_Phasmida_including_a_checklist_of_species_and_bibliography

Brock, P.D. & Hasenpusch, J.W. (2009) In The Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. 204 pp. Available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6012.htm

Brock, P.D. (1998) Catalogue of type-specimens of Stick- and Leaf-Insects in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Insecta: Phasmida). Kataloge der wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien: Vol. 13(5). Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, 72 pp. Available at http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/kat-nhmw_13_0003-0072.pdf

Brock, P.D. (1999) In The amazing world of stick and leaf-insects. The Amateur Entomologists' Society, Orpington. Vol. 26, 1–165; 40 pp color plates. Available at http://shop.amentsoc.org/the-amazing-world-of-stick-and-leaf-insects.html

Brock, P.D., Marshall, J.A., Beccaloni, G.W. & Harman, A.J.E. (2016) The types of Phasmida in the Natural History Museum, London, UK. Zootaxa, 4179(2), 151–208. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/309585799_The_types_of_Phasmida_in_the_Natural_History_Museum_London_UK

Burmeister, H.C.C. (1838) In Handbuch der Entomologie. T.C.F. Enslin, Berlin. Vol. 2, 457–756 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8135

Campbell, K.G. & Hadlington, P. (1967) The biology of the three species of phasmatids which occur in plague numbers in forests of southeastern Australia. Forestry Commission of New South Wales Research Note, 20, 1–38. Available at http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/390092/The-Biology-of-the-Three-Species-of-Phasmatids-Phasmatodea-which-occur-in-Plague-Numbers-in-Forests-of-Southeastern-Australia.pdf

Campbell, K.G. (1960) Preliminary studies in population estimation of two species of stick insects (Phasmatidae Phasmatodea) occurring in plague numbers in highland forest area of south-eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 85, 121–141. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34950344/#page/137/mode/1up

Campbell, K.G. (1961) The effects of forest fires on three species of stick insects (Phasmatidae Phasmatodea) occurring in plagues in forest areas of south-eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 86, 112–121. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34949471#page/118/mode/1up

Campbell, K.G. (1974) Factors limiting the distribution and abundance of the three species of phasmatids (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) which occur in plague numbers in forests of south-eastern Australia. Journal of the Entomological Society of Australia, 8, 3–6.

Carlberg, U. (1986) Evolutionary and ecological aspects of reproduction adaptations in Phasmida (Insecta). Biologisches Zentralblatt, 105, 641–651.

Carlberg, U. (1986) Phasmida - A biological review. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 216(1/2), 1–18.

Carlberg, U. (1987) Evolutionary and ecological aspects on ovarian diversity in Phasmida (Insecta). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 114, 45–63.

Casimer, M. (1956) The Australian phasmids Podacanthus wilkinsoni Macl. and Didymuria violsecens Leach. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society, 15, 87–90, 94–95. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/178987#page/129/mode/1up

China, W.E. & Riley, N.D. (1962) Opinion 641. Addition of certain generic and specific names in the family Phasmatidae (Insecta, Phasmatodea) to the official lists and indexes. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 19(5), 274–279. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12221157#page/318/mode/1up

Collett, N. & McCormick, M. (2001) Defoliation by the phasmatid Didymuria violescens (Leach) in Eucalyptus delegatensis and mixed eucalypt forest of north-east Victoria, autumn 2001. Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Forest Service, Report No. 2001/049.

Coupland, R. (2022) Observations on phasmid populations in Southeast Queensland, Australia following drought and subsequent rain events in the summer of 2019/2020. Phasmid Studies, 21, 4–14. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/367339492_Observations_on_phasmid_populations_in_Southeast_Queensland_Australia_following_drought_and_subsequent_rain_events_in_the_summer_of_20192020

Craddock, E. (1970) Chromosome number variation in a stick insect Didymuria violescens (Leach). Science, 167, 1380–1382.

Craddock, E. (1972) Chromosonal diversity in the Australian Phasmatodea. Australian Journal of Zoology, 20, 445–462. Available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/zo/zo9720445

Craddock, E. (1974) Chromosomal evolution and speciation in Didymuria. In Genetic Mechanisms of Speciation in Insects. Australia and New Zealand Book Co., Sydney. pp. 24–42.

Craddock, E. (1975) Intraspecific karyotypic differentiation in the Australian phasmatid Didymuria violescens (Leach) I. The chromosome races and their structural and evolutionary relationships. Chromosoma (Berl.). Chromosoma (Berl.), 53, 1–24.

Delfosse, E., Cliquennois, N., Depraetere, M. & Robillard, T. (2019) Catalogue des types de la collection de phasmes du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris (Insecta, Phasmatodea). Zoosystema, 41(11), 181–235. Available at http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/zoosystema/41/11

Farrow, R. (2016) In Insects of South-Eastern Australia: An Ecological and Behavioural Guide. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South VIC. 1–274 pp. Available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/book/7435/

Froggatt, W.W. (1907) Family 7. Stick and Leaf Insects. In Australian Insects. W. Brooks, Sydney. 34–39 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/82061#page/7/mode/1up

Goode, J. (1980) Stick and Leaf Insects. Order Phasmatodea (spectre or ghost insects). In Insects of Australia. Angus & Robertson Publishers, London. 39–42, pl. 1.

Gray, G.R. (1833) The Entomology of Australia, in a series of monographs. Part 1 containing the monograph of the genus Phasma. G.R. Gray, also sold at Longman & Co., London. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/164945#/summary

Gray, G.R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, London, 48 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8697

Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. (2014) In The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Wiley. 1–595 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/340428529_The_Insects_An_Outline_of_Entomology_Gullan_and_Cranston_5th_edition_2014_file_name_-_G-C_The_Insectsproof

Hadlington, P. & Johnston, J.A. (1982) In An introduction to Australian insects. NSW University Press.

Hadlington, P. & Shipp, E. (1961) Diapause and parthenogenesis in the eggs of three species of Phasmatodea. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 86(3), 268–279. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34949645/#page/292/mode/1up

Healy, A. & Smithers, C.N. (1971) In Australian insects in colour (Reeds colourbook series). A.H & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd, Sydney et al.

Heather, N.W. (1965) Studies on female genitalia of Queensland Phasmida. Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland, 4, 33–38. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1965.tb00643.x

Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (2003) Catalogue of type specimens of Phasmatodea (Insecta) deposited in the Staatliche Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 651, 1–8. Available at http://www.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/stuttgart/pdf/a_pdf/A651.pdf

Hennemann, F.H., Gehler, A.S. & Conle, O.V. (1995) Katalog des im Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart vorhandenen Typusmaterials der Insektenordnung Phasmatodea. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 105(16), 435–439. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237244544_Catalogue_of_type_specimens_of_Phasmatodea_Insecta_deposited_in_the_Staatliche_Museum_fur_Naturkunde_in_Stuttgart

Hinton, H.E. (1981) 18. Cheleutoptera. In Biology of insect eggs 2. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 533–545 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/289894830_Biology_of_Insect_Eggs

Horne, P.A. & Crawford, D.J. (1996) In Backyard Insects. The Miegunyah Press at Melbourne University Press.

Hughes, L. & Westoby, M. (1992) Capitula on stick insect eggs and elaiosomes on seeds: convergent adaptations for burial by ants. Functional Ecology, 6, 642–648. Available at http://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0027048084&origin=inward&txGid=b377ca74787b861e16e2fd533d713110

Hughes, L. (1996) When an insect is more like a plant. Nature Australia, 1996 (Autumn), 30–38.

Key, K.H.L. (1957) Kentromorphic phases in three species of Phasmatodea. Australian Journal of Zoology, 5(3), 247–284. Available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/zo/zo9570247

Key, K.H.L. (1960) Proposed addition of certain generic and specific names in the Family Phasmatidae (Class Insecta, Order Phasmatodea) to the official lists and indexes. Z.N.(S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 17(6-8), 235–240. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1uphttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1up

Key, K.H.L. (1970) In The Insects of Australia, A textbook for students and research workers. 1st Edition. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 348–359 pp.

Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, Vol. 1, 501 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29661

Leach, W.E. (1814) In The Zoological Miscellany: being descriptions of new or interesting animals. Nodder & Son, London. Vol. 1, 1–144 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/41372#/summary

Leach, W.E. (1815) Entomology. In The Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 57–172. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/58397#page/127/mode/1up

Maginnis, T.L. & Maginnis, L.P. (2007) Leg autotomy and regeneration in a population of Didymuria violescens (Leach) (Phasmatodea : Phasmatidae) in New South Wales, Australia. Australian Entomologist, 34(1), 27–32.

Maginnis, T.L. (2008) Autotomy in a Stick Insect (Insecta: Phasmida): Predation versus Molting. The Florida Entomologist, 91(1), 126–127. Available at http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe91p126.pdf

Masetti, M. (1987) A comparative analysis of vitellins in stick insects. In M. Mazzini & V. Scali (Eds.). Stick Insects: Phylogeny and reproduction. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Stick Insects, Siena. University of Siena. pp. 149–156. [1986]

Mazanec, Z. (1966) The effect of defoliation by Didymuria violescens on the growth of alpine ash. Australian Forestry, 30(2), 125–130.

Mazanec, Z. (1967) Mortality and diameter growth in mountain ash defoliated by phasmatids. Australian Forestry, 31, 221–223.

Mazanec, Z. (1968) Influence of defoliation by the phasmatid Didymuria violescens on seasonal diameter growth and the pattern of growth rings in alpine ash. Australian Forestry, 32, 3–14.

McCoy, F. (1883) Acrophylla violascens (Leach sp. ), Podacanthus typhon (Gray). In Natural History of Victoria. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria, or, figures and descriptions of living species of all classes of the Victorian indigenous Animals. Melbourne & London. Vol. 8, 33–36, pl. 79–80. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/130187#page/535/mode/1up

McGavin, G.C. & Davranoglou, L.-R. (2023) In Essential Entomology. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [2022] Available at http://global.oup.com/academic/product/essential-entomology-9780192843111?cc=gb&lang=en&

Neumann, F.G. & Endacott, N.D. (1962) The control of a phasmatid insect plague in the forested catchment of the Kiewa hydro-electric scheme. Australian Forestry, 26, 6–21.

Neumann, F.G. (1976) Egg production, adult longevity and mortality of the stick insect Didymuria violescens (Leach) (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) inhabiting mountain ash forest in Victoria. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 15, 183–190. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1976.tb01690.x

Neumann, F.G. (1976) Oviposition and egg studies in the spur legged phasmatid Didymuria violescens (Leach) (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) from mountain ash forests in the Victorian Central Highlands. Forests Commission, Victoria. Research Branch Report, No. 15, 1–28.

Neumann, F.G. (1978) Studies on the egg stage of Didymuria violescens (Leach) (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) inhabiting mountain ash forest in Victoria. Journal of the Entomological Society of Australia, 17, 217–224. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1978.tb00146.x

Neumann, F.G., Harris, H.A. & Wood, C.H. (1977) The phasmatid problem in mountain ash forests of the central highlands of Victoria. Forestry Commission of Victoria Bulletin, 25, 1–43.

O'Hanlon, J.C., Jones, B.R. & Bulbert, M.W. (2020) The dynamic eggs of the Phasmatodea and their apparent convergence with plants. The Science of Nature, 107(34), 1–12. Available at http://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-020-01690-1

Otte, D. & Brock, P.D. (2005) In Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 414 pp. Available at http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24725959-phasmida-species-file

Rainbow, W.J. (1897) Description of two new Australian Phasmas, together with a synopsis of the Phasmidae in Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney, 3, 34–44, pls. 9–10. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6951489/#page/58/mode/1up

Readshaw, J.L. & Bedford, G.O. (1971) Development of the egg of the stick insect Didymuria violescens with particular reference to diapause. Australian Journal of Zoology, 19, 141–158.

Readshaw, J.L. & Mazanec, Z. (1969) Use of growth rings to determine past phasmatid defoliations of alpine forests. Australian Forestry, 33(1), 29–36.

Readshaw, J.L. (1965) A theory of Phasmatid outbreak release. Australian Journal of Zoology, 13, 475–490.

Readshaw, J.L. (1968) The distribution, abundance, and seasonal movements of the Pied Currawong, Stepera graculina (Shaw), an important bird predator of Phasmatidae, in Eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 16, 37–47. Available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/ZO/ZO9680037

Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Phasmidae Anareolatae (Phibalosomini, Acrophyllini, Necrosciini). In Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden: Vol. III. Verlag Engelmann, Leipzig. 339–589, pls 16–27. [in German] Available at http://www.archive.org/details/DieInsektenfamilieDerPhasmiden.Vol.Iii.PhasmidaeAnareolatae

Rentz, D.C.F. (1996) Grasshopper country. The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. Orthoptera; grasshoppers, katydids, crickets. Blattodea; cockroaches. Mantodea; mantids. Phasmatodea; stick insects. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 284 pp. Available at http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G0Z2wY2B2ncC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grasshopper+country

Rudolf, E. & Brock, P.D. (2017) Didymuria violescens. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/80200678/0

Scali, V. & Marescalchi, O. (1987) Karyology and cytotaxonomy of Phasmatodea. In M. Mazzini & V. Scali (Eds.). Stick Insects: Phylogeny and reproduction. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Stick Insects, Siena. University of Siena. pp. 211–222. [1986]

Schoenborn, C., Collett, N. & McCormick, M. (2003) Egg surveys of the phasmatid Didymuria violescens (Leach) in litter of Eucalyptus delegatensis and mixed species eucalypt forest in north-east Victoria, spring 2002. In Department of Sustainability and Environment. Forest Service: Vol. Report No. 2003/001. pp. 1–25.

Sellick, J.T.C. (1980) A study of the eggs of the insect order Phasmida with particular reference to establishing the taxonomic value of egg structure in this group. UNPUBLISHED. PhD thesis. University of London. Available at http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281183

Sellick, J.T.C. (1988) The capitula of phasmid eggs: an update with a review of the current state of phasmid ootaxonomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 93, 273–282. Available at http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/93/3/273/2658287?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Sellick, J.T.C. (1998) The micropylar plate of the eggs of Phasmida, with a survey of the range of plate form within the order. Systematic Entomology, 23, 203–228. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00056.x

Semmens, T.D., McQuillan, P.B. & Hayhurst, G. (1992) In Catalogue of the Insects of Tasmania. Department of Primary Industry, Tasmania, Tasmania. 1–104 pp. Available at http://www.stors.tas.gov.au/au-7-0037-00878_1

Stål, C. (1875) Recherches sur le Système des Phasmides. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 2(17), 1–19. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49927#page/573/mode/1up

Tepper, J.G.O. (1903) List of described genera and species of the Australian and Polynesian Phasmidae (Spectre-insects). Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Australia, 26, 278–287. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/136804#page/308/mode/1up

Vickery, V.R. (1983) Catalogue of Australian stick insects (Phasmida, Phasmatodea, Phasmatoptera, or Cheleutoptera). CSIRO Australian division of Entomology, Technical Paper No 20, 1–19. Available at http://publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=procite:bc6d4d28-0bab-4f42-8f59-c5025bb110cd&dsid=DS1

Westwood, J.O. (1859) Catalogue of the orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 196 pp, 48 pl. Available at http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueofortho00brituoft

Williams, G. (2002) In A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Review of the Invertebrates of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia (CERRA) World Heritage Area, and Adjacent Regions. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum Number 16. Australian Museum, Sydney. Available at http://journals.australian.museum/williams-2002-tech-rep-aust-mus-16-1208/

Williams, G. (2020) In The Invertebrate World of Australia’s Subtropical Rainforests. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South, Vic. Available at http://www.publish.csiro.au/book/7948/
Zompro, O. (2005) Katalog des Typen-Materials der Insektenordnung Phasmatodea im Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart. Arthropoda, 13(4), 2–15. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oliver_Zompro

Descendants and synonyms

Stats

	Names
Rank	Total	Valid	Invalid
species	11	1	10