genus

Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796

Type

Phasma empusa Lichtenstein, 1796 type species by subsequent designation of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796

Nomenclature (68)

Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796: 77.
type species by subsequent designation Phasma empusa Lichtenstein, 1796 in Kirby, 1904
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Fabricius, 1798: 186. Phylogeny or classification
... Show all ... (64)

Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Illiger, 1798: 499. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Latreille, 1802: 272. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Latreille, 1807: 87. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Latreille, Le Peletier, Audinet-Serville & Guérin-Méneville, 1825: 100, 446. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Latreille, 1825: 412. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Berthold, 1827: 408. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Latreille, Le Peletier, Audinet-Serville & Guérin-Méneville, 1828: 445.
type species by subsequent designation Gryllus (Mantis) gigas Linnaeus, 1758 in Kirby, 1904
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Audinet-Serville, 1831: 60.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Gray, 1835: 35.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Audinet-Serville, 1838: 233.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Burmeister, 1838: 578.
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Burmeister, 1838: 578.
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (misspelling of Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828) in Burmeister, 1838: 578.
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Haan, 1842: 128. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Westwood, 1859: 106. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Stål, 1875: 33, 83. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Stål, 1875: 8, 14. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Stål, 1875: 14. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Kirby, 1890: 572. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Kirby, 1890: 569. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Kirby, 1895: 281. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Rainbow, 1897: 39. Specimen or distribution
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Kirby, 1904: 439.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Kirby, 1904: 390.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Kirby, 1904: 390.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Redtenbacher, 1906
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Redtenbacher, 1908: 466. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Karny, 1923: 241.
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Karny, 1923: 241.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Karny, 1923: 241.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Günther, 1929: 627.
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930: 181.
type species by original monotypy Papuanoidea straeleni Werner, 1930
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 in Werner, 1931: 29.
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Günther, 1936: 339.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Roberts, 1941: 11.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Roberts, 1941: 11.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Ragge, 1955: 377. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Key, 1960: 237. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in China & Riley, 1962: 19.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in China, 1964: 421.
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 in Bradley & Galil, 1977: 194.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Bradley & Galil, 1977: 194.
Cyphocrania [sic] Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Sellick, 1979: 326. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Medler, 1980: 44. Specimen or distribution
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Kerzhner, 1994: 113. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Anonymous, 1995: 285. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Sellick, 1997: 118. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification; Key
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Herwaarden, 1998: 86.
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Herwaarden, 1998: 86.
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 in Bragg, 2001: 639.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Bragg, 2001: 623.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Bragg, 2001: 641.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Bragg, 2001: 623.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 in Zompro, 2004: 308.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Zompro, 2004: 319.
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Zompro, 2004: 316.
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 244.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 265.
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 265.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Hennemann & Conle, 2008: 31.
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Hennemann, Conle & Suzuki, 2015: 45. Phylogeny or classification
Cyphocrana Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Hennemann, Conle & Suzuki, 2015: 45. Phylogeny or classification
Papuanoidea Werner, 1930 (subjective synonym of Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796) in Hennemann, Conle & Suzuki, 2015: 46. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Bidau, Taffarel & Castillo, 2016: 29. Behavior

Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Hennemann, 2021: 172. Specimen or distribution
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 in Brock & Büscher, 2022: 558. Specimen or distribution

Nomenclature references (50)

Anonymous (1995) Opinion 1820. A.A.H. Lichtenstein's (1796, 1797) Catalogus musei zoologici.. Sectio tertia. Continens Insecta and D.H. Schneider's (1800) Verzeichniss einer Parthei Insekten... : suppressed, with conservation of some Lichtenstein (1796) names (Insecta and Arachnida). The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 52(3), 283–285. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44798#page/309/mode/1up
Audinet-Serville, J.G. (1831) Revue Méthodique des Insectes de l’ordre des Ortoptères. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zool. Paris, 22, 28–29, 56–65. Available at http://https://biodiversitylibrary. org/page/6095939
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Audinet-Serville, J.G. (1838) Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Orthoptères. Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 1–776, pls 1–14. [1839; in French] Available at http://www.archive.org/details/histoirenaturel01guilgoog

Berthold, A.A. (1827) In Latreille's natürliche Familien des Thierreichs. Aus dem franzoesischen mit Bemerkungen und Zusaetzen. Landes-Industrie-Compositoirs, Weimar, Germany. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11652#/summary

Bidau, C.J., Taffarel, A. & Castillo, E.R. (2016) Breaking the rule: multiple patterns of scaling of sexual size dimorphism with body size in orthopteroid insects. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 75(1-2), 11–36. [2015] Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/304497290_Breaking_the_rule_multiple_patterns_of_scaling_of_sexual_size_dimorphism_with_body_size_in_orthopteroid_insects

Bradley, J.C. & Galil, B.S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington, 79(2), 176–208. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16301624#page/194/mode/1up

Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 771 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/phasmids-of-borneo/

Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html

Burmeister, H.C.C. (1838) In Handbuch der Entomologie. T.C.F. Enslin, Berlin. Vol. 2, 457–756 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8135

China, W.E. & Riley, N.D. (1962) Opinion 641. Addition of certain generic and specific names in the family Phasmatidae (Insecta, Phasmatodea) to the official lists and indexes. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 19(5), 274–279. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12221157#page/318/mode/1up

China, W.E. (1964) Opinion 716. Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 (Insecta, Phasmatodea): added to the official list of family-group names. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 21(6), 420–421. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12222291#page/465/mode/1up

Fabricius, J.C. (1798) In Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae. Proft & Storch, Hafniae [Copenhagen]. 1–572 [Orth. 183–196]. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132638#page/191/mode/1up

Gray, G.R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, London, 48 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8697

Günther, K. (1929) Die Phasmoiden der Deutschen Kaiserin Augusta-Fluss-Expedition 1912/13. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Phasmoidenfauna Neuguineas. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 14, 600–747, pl. 1–7.

Günther, K. (1936) Phasmoiden und Acrydiinen (Orthoptera) von Holländisch Neu Guinea. Hauptsächlich aus den Ausbeuten der Herren Docters van Leeuwen (1926), van Heurn (1920), P. N. van Kampen und K.Gjellerup (1910). In Nova Guinea, Résultats des Expéditions Scientifiques à la Nouvelle Guinée: Vol. 17(3). Brill, Leide. pp. 323–352.

Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906, 1–316. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frank_Hennemann

Hennemann, F.H. (2021) Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia — a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa, 5073(1), 1–189. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/356813971_Stick_insects_of_Sulawesi_Peleng_and_the_Sula_Islands_Indonesia-a_review_including_checklists_of_species_and_descriptions_of_new_taxaInsecta_Phasmatodea

Hennemann, F.H., Conle, O.V. & Suzuki, S. (2015) A study of the members of the tribe Phasmatini Gray, 1835, that occur within the boundaries of Wallacea (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae: “Lanceocercata”). Zootaxa, 4008(1), 1–74. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/281558622_Hennemann_FH_Conle_OC_Suzuki_S_2015_A_study_of_the_members_of_the_tribe_Phasmatini_Gray_1835_that_occur_within_the_boundaries_of_Wallacea_Phasmatodea_Phasmatidae_Phasmatinae_Lanceocercata_Zootaxa_4008

Herwaarden, H.M.C.V. (1998) A guide to the genera of stick- and leaf-Insects (Insecta: Phasmida) of New Guinea and the surrounding islands. SCIENCE IN NEW GUINEA, 24(2), 55–114. Available at http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fiji/pdf/vanheerwarden1998.pdf

Illiger, J.K.W. (1798) In Verzeichnis der Käfer Preussens. Johann Jacob Gebauer, Halle. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/217674#page/551/mode/1up

Karny, H.H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Hortus Botanicus Bogoriensis, Java (Treubia), 3(2), 230–242. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110723#page/310/mode/1up

Kerzhner, I.M. (1994) Case 2862. A.A.H. Lichtenstein's (1796, 1797) Catalogus musei zoologici.. Sectio tertia. Continens Insecta and D.H. Schneider's (1800) Verzeichniss einer Parthei Insekten... : proposed suppression, with conservation of some Lichtenstein (1796) names (Insecta and Arachnida). The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 51(2), 108–115. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44552#page/130/mode/1up

Key, K.H.L. (1960) Proposed addition of certain generic and specific names in the Family Phasmatidae (Class Insecta, Order Phasmatodea) to the official lists and indexes. Z.N.(S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 17(6-8), 235–240. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1uphttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1up

Kirby, W.F. (1890) On the employment of the names proposed for genera of Orthoptera, previous to 1840. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, 6, 556–597. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95855#page/572/mode/1up

Kirby, W.F. (1895) On the insects other than Coleoptera obtained by Dr. Anderson's collector during Mr. T. Bent's expedition to the Hadramaut, South Arabia. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 25, 279–281. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/99851#page/291/mode/1up

Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, Vol. 1, 501 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29661

Kirby, W.F. (1904) Notes on Phasmidae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, with descriptions of new species. - No. II. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7)13, 429–449. Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222930408562475

Latreille, P.A. (1802) Orthoptera. In Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. Dufart, Paris. Vol. 3, 81–164, 270–274 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80064#page/274/mode/1up

Latreille, P.A. (1807) In Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. 1–258 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/132623#page/95/mode/1up

Latreille, P.A. (1825) In Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposées succinctement et dans un ordre analytique, avec l’indication de leurs genres. J. B. Baillière, Paris. 1–570 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80024#page/424/mode/1up

Latreille, P.A., Le Peletier, A.L.M., de Saint-Fargeau, Audinet-Serville, J.G. & Guérin-Méneville, F.E. (1825) In Encyclopédie Méthodique, ou par ordre de matières par un société de gens de lettres, de savans et d´artistes. Histoire Naturelle. Panckoucke, Paris. 1–344 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/155986#page/9/mode/1up

Latreille, P.A., Le Peletier, A.L.M., de Saint-Fargeau, Audinet-Serville, J.G. & Guérin-Méneville, F.E. (1828) In Encyclopédie Méthodique, ou par ordre de matières par un société de gens de lettres, de savans et d´artistes. Histoire Naturelle. Panckoucke, Paris. Vol. 10, 345–832 pp.

Lichtenstein, A.A.H. (1796) In Catalogus Musei zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi, d III Februar 1796. Auctionis lege distrahendi. 3. SUPPRESSED PUBLICATION FOR NOMENCLATURAL PURPOSES (EXCEPT FOR FEW NAMES) see Opinion 1820 (1995). Gedruckt bey Gottl. Friedr. Schniebes, Hamburg. 222 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83113#page/98/mode/1up

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Sellick, J.T.C. (1979) A key to the eggs of stick and leaf insects (Phasmida). Systematic Entomology, 4, 325–331. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1979.tb00617.x

Sellick, J.T.C. (1997) Descriptive terminology of the phasmid egg capsule, with an extended key to the phasmid genera based on egg structure. Systematic Entomology, 22, 97–122. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1997.d01-30.x

Stål, C. (1875) Observations Orthoptérologiques. 1. Sur une systématisation nouvelle des Phasmides. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 3(14), 1–21. Available at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49924#page/523/mode/1up

Stål, C. (1875) Recensio orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthoptères décrits par Linné, DeGeer et Thunberg. 3. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 32, 1–105. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924018284798

Stål, C. (1875) Recherches sur le Système des Phasmides. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 2(17), 1–19. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49927#page/573/mode/1up

Werner, F.J.M. (1930) Notes préliminaires sur les Phasmides recuellis aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaises au cours du voyage de S. A. R. le Prince Léopold de Belgique. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 70, 179–182.

Werner, F.J.M. (1931) Phasmidae. In: Résultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Léopold de Belgique. Mémoires du Musée Royal d´Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 4(1), 25–29.

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Zompro, O. (2004) Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea). Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, Germany, 327 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/313233330_Revision_of_the_genera_of_the_Areolatae_including_the_status_of_Timema_and_Agathemera_Insecta_Phasmatodea
de Haan, W. (1842) Bijdragen to de kennis der Orthoptera. In Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen. In commissie bij S. en J. Luchtmans, en C.C. van der Hoek, Leiden. Vol. 3, pp. 95–138. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/200624#page/577/mode/1up

Descendants and synonyms

Stats

	Names
Rank	Total	Valid	Invalid
genus	4	1	3
species	25	3	22