- Root
- Animalia
- Polyneoptera
- Orthopterida
- Phasmida
- Euphasmatodea
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815
family
Phasmatidae Leach, 1815
Type
Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 type genus of Phasmatidae Leach, 1815
Nomenclature (64)
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815: 119.
type genus Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815: 119.
type genus Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796
- ... Show all ... (60)
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 (incorrect original spelling of Phasmatidae Leach, 1815)
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Gray, 1833
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Gray, 1835
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Macleay, 1881: 536.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Kirby, 1904: 372.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Rehn, 1904: 107.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Kirby, 1904: 317.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Kirby, 1904: 393.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Shelford, 1909: 343-377.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Chopard, 1920: 160. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Karny, 1923: 235.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Günther, 1929: 615.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Handlirsch, 1930: 759. Phylogeny or classification; Key
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Cantrall, 1941: 1.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Günther, 1953: 546.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Key, 1960: 235. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Key, 1960: 235-240.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Wright, 1962: 354. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Wright, 1962: 354. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Kevan, 1963: 256.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in China, 1964
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Moxey, 1972: 44. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Sellick, 1975: 105.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Parfitt, 1975
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Ahern & Yen, 1977: 127. Specimen or distribution
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Bradley & Galil, 1977: 186.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Piza, 1978: 31.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Parfitt, 1980
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Kevan, 1982: 383.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Arnett, 1985: 115.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Sellick, 1988: 277. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Rentz, 1996: 254.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 1997: 113.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Balderson, Rentz & Roach, 1998: 376.
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001: 179. (not Latin) Image or description
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001: 69. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Bragg, 2001: 365.
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 (synonym of Phasmatidae Leach, 1815)
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Brock, 2003: 221.
- Phasmidae [sic] Leach, 1815 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 31.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 31.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Hennemann & Conle, 2008: 17.
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Hennemann & Conle, 2008
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Bradler, 2009: 3. Phylogeny or classification
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Bradler, 2009: 103. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2016: 259. Key
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2017: 91. Key
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2017: 127. Phylogeny or classification
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Robertson, Bradler & Whiting, 2018: 1. Phylogeny or classification
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Bradler & Buckley, 2018: 297. Phylogeny or classification
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Büscher, Buckley, Grohmann, Gorb & Bradler, 2018: 4.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2018: 397. Phylogeny or classification
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Simon, Letsch, Bank, Buckley, Donath, Liu, Machida, Meusemann, Misof, Podsiadlowski, Zhou, Wipfler & Bradler, 2019: 1. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Hennemann, 2020: 151. Phylogeny or classification
- Lanceocercata Bradler, 2001 in Hennemann, 2020: 151. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2020: 243. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Cliquennois, 2020: 416, 418. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Hennemann, 2021: 69. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2021: 701. Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Brock & Büscher, 2022: 29. Image or description; Phylogeny or classification
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Qian, Xie, Wen & Wang, 2023: 17.
- Phasmatidae Leach, 1815 in Seow-Choen, 2023: 415. Phylogeny or classification
Nomenclature references (54)
- Ahern, L.D. & Yen, A.L. (1977) A comparison of the invertebrate fauna under Eucalyptus and Pinus forests in the Otway Ranges, Victoria. 89, 127–136. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/260684#page/305/mode/1up
- Arnett, R.H. (1985) In American insects: a handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. First edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
- ... Show all ... (50)
- Balderson, J., Rentz, D.C.F. & Roach, A.M.E. (1998) Phasmatodea. In W.W.K. Houston & A. Wells (Eds.). Zoological Catalog of Australia. Vol. 23. Archaeognatha, Zygentoma, Blattodea, Isoptera, Mantodea, Dermaptera, Phasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. pp. 347–376, 451–456.
- Bradler, S. & Buckley, T.R. (2018) 11. Biodiversity of Phasmatodea. In Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 281–313. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/326051925_Biodiversity_of_Phasmatodea
- Bradler, S. (2001) Die australischen Stabschrecken - die "Beuteltiere" unter den Phasmatodea? Verhandlungen des Westdeutschen Entomologen Tag 2000, 2000, 179–184. Available at http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Verh-Westd-Entom-Tag_2000_0179-0184.pdf
- Bradler, S. (2001) The Australian stick insects - a monophyletic group within the Phasmatodea? Zoology 104 Supplement, 104(Supp 4), 69.
- Bradler, S. (2009) In Die Phylogenie der Stab- und Gespentschrecken (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Vol 2.1 Species, Phylogeny and Evolution. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Vol. 2.1, 3–139 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/255907469_Die_Phylogenie_der_Stab-_und_Gespenstschrecken_Insecta_Phasmatodea
- Bradley, J.C. & Galil, B.S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington, 79(2), 176–208. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16301624#page/194/mode/1up
- Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 771 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/phasmids-of-borneo/
- Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html
- Brock, P.D. (2003) Phasmida (Stick and leaf insects). In Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Insects. Gale Group. pp. 221–231. Available at http://lemondedesphasmes.free.fr/IMG/pdf/sp657794.pdf
- Büscher, T.H., Buckley, T.R., Grohmann, C., Gorb, S. & Bradler, S. (2018) The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 69. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00069/full
- Cantrall, I.J. (1941) In Compendium of entomological methods. Part II. Notes on collecting and preserving Orthoptera. Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc, New York. 1–28 pp.
- China, W.E. (1964) Opinion 716. Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 (Insecta, Phasmatodea): added to the official list of family-group names. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 21(6), 420–421. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12222291#page/465/mode/1up
- Chopard, L. (1920) PhD thesis. Thèses Unicv. Paris, Rennes. In Recherches sur la conformation det le développement des derniers segments abdominaux chez le Orthoptères. 1–352 pp. [in French] Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/50305#/summary
- Cliquennois, N. (2020) Chapitre 18 Ordre des Phasmatodea (Phasmes). In H.-P. Aberlenc (Ed.). Les Insectes du Monde Biodiversité, classification, clés de détermination des familles. Éditions Museo. Vol. 1, pp. 403–437. Available at http://www.museo-editions.com/les-insectes-du-monde
- Gray, G.R. (1833) The Entomology of Australia, in a series of monographs. Part 1 containing the monograph of the genus Phasma. G.R. Gray, also sold at Longman & Co., London. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/164945#/summary
- Gray, G.R. (1835) Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to the family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, London, 48 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8697
- Günther, K. (1929) Die Phasmoiden der Deutschen Kaiserin Augusta-Fluss-Expedition 1912/13. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Phasmoidenfauna Neuguineas. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 14, 600–747, pl. 1–7.
- Günther, K. (1953) Über die taxonomische Gliederung und die geographische Verbreitung der Insektenordnung der Phasmatodea. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 3(5), 541–563. Available at http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Beitraege-zur-Entomologie_3_0541-0563.pdf
- Handlirsch, A.P.J. (1930) 6. Ordnung der Pterygogonea: Phasmida (Gespenst- oder Stabheuschrecken). In Handbuch der Zoologie, Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and Leipzig. pp. 751–765.
- Hennemann, F.H. & Conle, O.V. (2008) Revision of Oriental Phasmatodea: The tribe Pharnaciini Günther, 1953, including the description of the world's longest insect, and a survey of the family Phasmatidae Gray, 1835 with keys to the subfamilies and tribes (Phasmatodea: "Anareolatae": Phasmatidae). Zootaxa, 1906, 1–316. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frank_Hennemann
- Hennemann, F.H. (2020) Megacraniinae—The Palm Stick Insects: A new subfamily of Old World Phasmatodea and a redefinition of Platycraninae Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1893 (Phasmatodea: “Anareolatae”). Zootaxa, 4896(2), 151–179. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/347519362_Megacraniinae-The_Palm_Stick_Insects_A_new_subfamily_of_Old_World_Phasmatodea_and_a_redefinition_of_Platycraninae_Brunner_v_Wattenwyl_1893_Phasmatodea_Anareolatae
- Hennemann, F.H. (2021) Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia — a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Zootaxa, 5073(1), 1–189. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/356813971_Stick_insects_of_Sulawesi_Peleng_and_the_Sula_Islands_Indonesia-a_review_including_checklists_of_species_and_descriptions_of_new_taxaInsecta_Phasmatodea
- Karny, H.H. (1923) Zur Nomenklatur der Phasmoiden. Hortus Botanicus Bogoriensis, Java (Treubia), 3(2), 230–242. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110723#page/310/mode/1up
- Kevan, D.K.M.E. (1963) Phasmidae vs. Phasmatidae: Comment Z.N.(S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 20(4), 256. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44462#page/296/mode/1up
- Kevan, D.K.M.E. (1982) Phasmoptera. In Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. Vol. 2, pp. 379–383.
- Key, K.H.L. (1960) Proposed addition of certain generic and specific names in the Family Phasmatidae (Class Insecta, Order Phasmatodea) to the official lists and indexes. Z.N.(S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 17(6-8), 235–240. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1uphttp://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12220208#page/265/mode/1up
- Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, Vol. 1, 501 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29661
- Kirby, W.F. (1904) Notes on Phasmidae in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington, with descriptions of new species. - No. 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (7)13, 372–377. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54611#page/392/mode/1up
- Leach, W.E. (1815) Entomology. In The Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 57–172. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/58397#page/127/mode/1up
- Macleay, W.J. (1881) On a species of Phasmatidae destructive to Eucalypti. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 6(3), 536–539. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3344048/#page/554/mode/1up
- Moxey, C.F. (1972) The stick-insects (Phasmatodea) of the West Indies -- their systematics and ecology [UNPUBLISHED]. Harvard University, 1–211, pl. 1–20. PhD thesis.
- Otte, D. & Brock, P.D. (2005) In Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 414 pp. Available at http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24725959-phasmida-species-file
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- Qian, Y.H., Xie, C.X., Wen, J. & Wang, Y. (2023) Review of stick insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea) from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve of China, with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 5257(1), 17–39. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/369476456_Review_of_stick_insects_Insecta_Phasmatodea_from_Yintiaoling_Nature_Reserve_of_China_with_description_of_two_new_species
- Rehn, J.A.G. (1904) Studies in the Orthopterous family Phasmidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 56, 38–107. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30096#page/48/mode/1up
- Rentz, D.C.F. (1996) Grasshopper country. The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. Orthoptera; grasshoppers, katydids, crickets. Blattodea; cockroaches. Mantodea; mantids. Phasmatodea; stick insects. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 284 pp. Available at http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G0Z2wY2B2ncC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Grasshopper+country
- Robertson, J.A., Bradler, S. & Whiting, M.F. (2018) Evolution of oviposition techniques in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 216, 1–16. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00216/full
- Sellick, J.T.C. (1975) A key to the subfamilies of Phasmida. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, 87, 104–107. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29976632#page/176/mode/1up
- Sellick, J.T.C. (1988) The capitula of phasmid eggs: an update with a review of the current state of phasmid ootaxonomy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 93, 273–282. Available at http://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/93/3/273/2658287?redirectedFrom=fulltext
- Seow-Choen, F. (1997) A guide to the stick and leaf insects of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Francis_Seow-Choen
- Seow-Choen, F. (2016) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 454 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/taxonomic-guide-stick-insects-borneo/
- Seow-Choen, F. (2017) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Borneo: Vol. II. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Kota Kinabalu, 261 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-borneo-vol-2/
- Seow-Choen, F. (2017) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Singapore. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 163 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/taxonomic-guide-stick-insects-singapore/
- Seow-Choen, F. (2018) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Sumatra: Vol. I. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 703 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-sumatra-vol-1/
- Seow-Choen, F. (2020) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Sumatra: Vol. II. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 402 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/books/animals/
- Seow-Choen, F. (2021) A taxonomic guide to the stick insects of Peninsular Malaysia: Vol. I. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 944 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-peninsular-malaysia/
- Seow-Choen, F. (2023) A taxonomic guide to the Stick Insects of Java, Vol. 1. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 652 pp. Available at https://www.nhpborneo.com/book/a-taxonomic-guide-to-the-stick-insects-of-java-vol-1/
- Shelford, R.W.C. (1909) Family Phasmidae. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta Orthoptera 2, 343–377, pl. 5–8. Available at http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/bca/navigation/bca_20_02_00/bca_20_02_00select.cfm
- Simon, S., Letsch, H., Bank, S., Buckley, T.R., Donath, A., Liu, S., Machida, R., Meusemann, K., Misof, B., Podsiadlowski, L., Zhou, X., Wipfler, B. & Bradler, S. (2019) Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7(345), 1–14. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5568/stick-insect-research-in-the-era-of-genomics-exploring-the-evolution-of-a-mesodiverse-insect-order#articles
- Wright, C.W. (1962) Comment on Phasmidae vs. Phasmatidae. Z.N. (S.) 1167. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 19, 354. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12221241#page/402/mode/1up
Descendants and synonyms
Stats
| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Total | Valid | Invalid |
| family | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| subfamily | 18 | 10 | 8 |
| tribe | 29 | 21 | 8 |
| genus | 203 | 133 | 70 |
| species | 1900 | 704 | 1196 |
| subspecies | 69 | 28 | 41 |