Species

Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838)

Cape Stick-insect

Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838): male (Constantianek, Western Cape Province). (Otu).

CollectionObject 1561029; 85079ec9-d42b-4414-874f-ac4ebf77f9f1: copyright ZMHB, Berlin. male, dorsal view (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1561029; 85079ec9-d42b-4414-874f-ac4ebf77f9f1: copyright ZMHB, Berlin. male, lateral view (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1561029; 85079ec9-d42b-4414-874f-ac4ebf77f9f1: copyright ZMHB, Berlin. male: head & thorax, lateral view (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1561029; 85079ec9-d42b-4414-874f-ac4ebf77f9f1: copyright ZMHB, Berlin. male: end of abdomen, lateral view (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1561031; NHMUK(SF IMPORT DUPLICATE) 845178-845179, de869378-04ec-471e-8e79-2962a388ba6d: copyright Natural History Museum, London. female of synonym Bacillus coccyx (syntype). (CollectionObject).

CollectionObject 1561032; acb243aa-64b1-494b-a0d0-690b1e4c4678: copyright RMNH, Leiden. females of synonym Phasma (Bacillus) longiscaphum (syntypes). (CollectionObject).

Nomenclature (38)

Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838: 562.
Syntype; male; 85079ec9-d42b-4414-874f-ac4ebf77f9f1; deposited at: Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, German (ZMHUB); Cape of Good Hope: 'Bonae Spei'. Syntype; female; e9a7a599-911b-4369-994e-2b1fb04d3316; deposited at: Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin, German (ZMHUB); Cape of Good Hope: 'Bonae Spei'
Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838 in Burmeister, 1840: 39.
... Show all ... (34)

Phasma (Bacillus) longiscaphum Haan, 1842: 101.
Syntypes (n= 2); female; acb243aa-64b1-494b-a0d0-690b1e4c4678; deposited at: Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC); Cape of Good Hope
Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838 in Westwood, 1859: 4.
Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859: 6, pl. 7:5.
Syntypes (n= 2); female; NHMUK(SF IMPORT DUPLICATE) 845178-845179; deposited at: Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK); 'Africa australi'
Bacillus longiscaphum (Haan, 1842) in Westwood, 1859: 5.
Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859 in Stål, 1875: 102.
Phalces longiscaphum (Haan, 1842) in Kirby, 1904: 336.
Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859 (subjective synonym of Phasma (Bacillus) longiscaphum Haan, 1842) in Redtenbacher, 1906: 28.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Redtenbacher, 1906: 28.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Le Feuvre, 1936: 80.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Cappe de Baillon, Favrelle & Vichêt, 1938: 168.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Favrelle, 1938: 197-211.
Phalces longiscaphum (Haan, 1842) in Le Feuvre, 1939: 24.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Günther, 1957: 89.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Bedford, 1978: 133.
Phalces longiscaphes [sic] Haan, 1842 in Schoeman, 1985: 29.
Phalces longiscaphes [sic] Haan, 1842 (misspelling of Phasma (Bacillus) longiscaphum Haan, 1842) in Schoeman, 1985: 29.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Schoeman, 1985: 98.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Carlberg, 1986: 643.
Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859 in Compton & Ware, 1991: 207.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Bragg, 1996: 112.
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Brock, 2000: 1. Phylogeny or classification; Image or description
Phalces longiscaphus (Haan, 1842) in Brock, 2000: 2-12. Life history; Image or description; Specimen or distribution
Phasma (Bacillus) longiscaphum Haan, 1842 (subjective synonym of Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838) in Brock, 2001
Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838) in Brock, 2001: 6.
Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838) in Brock, 2003: 68, pl. 6b.
Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859 (subjective synonym of Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838) in Zompro, 2004: 265. Phylogeny or classification
Phasma (Bacillus) longiscaphum Haan, 1842 (subjective synonym of Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838) in Zompro, 2004: 265. Phylogeny or classification
Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838) in Picker, Griffiths & Weaving, 2004: 110, fig.. Image or description
Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838) in Zompro, 2004: 264, figs.. Phylogeny or classification
Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859 (subjective synonym of Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 261.
Phasma (Bacillus) longiscaphum Haan, 1842 (subjective synonym of Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 262.
Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838) in Zompro, 2005: 256.
Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838) in Otte & Brock, 2005: 261.
Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859 (subjective synonym of Bacillus brevis Burmeister, 1838) in Brock, Marshall, Beccaloni & Harman, 2016: 165. Phylogeny or classification; Specimen or distribution

Bacillus coccyx Westwood, 1859 in O'Hanlon, Jones & Bulbert, 2020: 6.
Phalces brevis (Burmeister, 1838) in Brock & Büscher, 2022: 292, 506, figs. Image or description; Specimen or distribution

Nomenclature references (29)

Bedford, G.O. (1978) Biology and ecology of the Phasmatodea. Annual Review of Entomology, 23, 125–149. Available at http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.001013
Bragg, P.E. (1996) Type specimens of Phasmida in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden (Insecta: Phasmida). Zoologische Mededeelingen, 70(6), 105–115. Available at http://phasmid-study-group.org/sites/phasmid-study-group.org/files/Bragg,%20P.E.%20(1996)%20Zool.%20Med.%20Leiden,%2070(6)%20105-115.pdf
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Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html

Brock, P.D. (2000) Stick-Insects (Phasmida) from the Cape-Town area, South Africa. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society, 59(428), 2–12, pl. 00A–00D. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/179091#page/28/mode/1up

Brock, P.D. (2000) Studies in the genus Phalces Stål. Phasmid Studies, 8(1&2), 1–8. [1999] Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/207390#page/3/mode/1up

Brock, P.D. (2001) A note on the South African genus Phalces. The Phasmid Study Group Newsletter, 85, 6.

Brock, P.D. (2003) Rearing and studying stick and leaf insects. Revised Edition. The Amateur Entomologists' Society, London, Vol. 22, 89 pp. Available at http://shop.amentsoc.org/rearing-and-studying-stick-and-leaf-insects.html

Brock, P.D., Marshall, J.A., Beccaloni, G.W. & Harman, A.J.E. (2016) The types of Phasmida in the Natural History Museum, London, UK. Zootaxa, 4179(2), 151–208. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/309585799_The_types_of_Phasmida_in_the_Natural_History_Museum_London_UK

Burmeister, H.C.C. (1838) In Handbuch der Entomologie. T.C.F. Enslin, Berlin. Vol. 2, 457–756 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8135

Burmeister, H.C.C. (1840) Audinet-Serville, histoire naturelle des Orthoptères. Paris. 1839. 8 verglichen mit H. Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie II. Bd. 2. Abth., 1. Halfte, (vulgo Orthoptera). Berlin 1838. 8. Germar’s Zeitschrift für die Entomologie, 2, 1–82. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79083#page/7/mode/1up

Cappe de Baillon, P., Favrelle, M. & Vichêt, G.de (1938) Parthénogenèse et variation chez les phasmes. IV. Discussion des faits. Conclusions. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique, 72, 167–212.

Carlberg, U. (1986) Evolutionary and ecological aspects of reproduction adaptations in Phasmida (Insecta). Biologisches Zentralblatt, 105, 641–651.

Compton, S.G. & Ware, A.B. (1991) Ants disperse the elaiosome-bearing eggs of an African stick insect. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 98(2-3), 207–213. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/27373201_Ants_Disperse_the_Elaiosome-Bearing_Eggs_of_an_African_Stick_Insect

de Haan, W. (1842) Bijdragen to de kennis der Orthoptera. In Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen. In commissie bij S. en J. Luchtmans, en C.C. van der Hoek, Leiden. Vol. 3, pp. 95–138. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/200624#page/577/mode/1up

Favrelle, M. (1938) Étude du Phalces longiscaphus [Orthopt. Phasmidae]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 107, 197–212, pl. 2.

Günther, K. (1957) Chapter III Phasmatoptera. In B. Hanström, P. Brinck, & G. Rudebeck (Eds.). South African Animal life, results of the Lund University expedition in 1950-51. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.

Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, Vol. 1, 501 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29661

Le Feuvre, W.P. (1936) The Stick Insects of the Cape Suburbs. The Cape Naturalist, 1(3), 80–86.

Le Feuvre, W.P. (1939) A Phasmid with spermatophore. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London, 14(2-3), 24.

O'Hanlon, J.C., Jones, B.R. & Bulbert, M.W. (2020) The dynamic eggs of the Phasmatodea and their apparent convergence with plants. The Science of Nature, 107(34), 1–12. Available at http://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-020-01690-1

Otte, D. & Brock, P.D. (2005) In Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 414 pp. Available at http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24725959-phasmida-species-file

Picker, M.D., Griffiths, C.L. & Weaving, A. (2004) In Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 1–444 pp. Available at http://www.struik.co.za/book.book.detail.action?id=1384

Redtenbacher, J. (1906) Phasmidae Areolatae. In Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1, 1–180, pls 1–6. [in German] Available at http://www.archive.org/details/DieInsektenfamilieDerPhasmidenVol.1

Schoeman, A.S. (1985) Praying Mantids and Stick Insects. De Jager-Haum, Pretoria, 47 pp.

Schoeman, A.S. (1985) Phasmatodea. In C.H. Scholtz & E. Holm (Eds.). Insects of Southern Africa. Butterworth & Heinemann. pp. 96–98.

Stål, C. (1875) Recensio orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthoptères décrits par Linné, DeGeer et Thunberg. 3. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, 32, 1–105. Available at http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924018284798

Westwood, J.O. (1859) Catalogue of the orthopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. British Museum, London, 196 pp, 48 pl. Available at http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueofortho00brituoft

Zompro, O. (2004) Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea). Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, Germany, 327 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/313233330_Revision_of_the_genera_of_the_Areolatae_including_the_status_of_Timema_and_Agathemera_Insecta_Phasmatodea
Zompro, O. (2005) Catalogue of type-material of the insect order Phasmatodea, housed in the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany and in the Institut für Zoologie der Martin-Luther-Universität zin Halle (Saale), Germany. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 52(2), 251–290. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/230127862_Catalogue_of_type-material_of_the_insect_order_Phasmatodea_housed_in_the_Museum_fur_Naturkunde_der_Humboldt-Universitat_zu_Berlin_Germany_and_in_the_Institut_fur_Zoologie_der_Martin-Luther-Universitat

Descendants and synonyms

Stats

Summary of taxonomic names by rank, showing valid extant names, fossil names, invalid names, and total counts.
Taxon	Valid names
Rank	Extant	Fossil	Invalid	Total
Species	1	0	7	8