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- Animalia
- Polyneoptera
- Orthopterida
- Phasmida
- Timematodea
- Timematidae
- Timematinae
- Timematini
- Timema Scudder, 1895
genus
Timema Scudder, 1895
Timemas
![after Caudell (1903). Timema californicum [type species]. Depicts Timema Scudder, 1895, an Otu.](https://sfg.taxonworks.org/api/v1/images/1029525/scale_to_box/0/0/1416/1764/1416/1764?project_token=RijJjUChacO20MdXjGvfcA)
Type
Timema californica Scudder, 1903 type species by subsequent designation of Timema Scudder, 1895
Nomenclature (49)
- Timema Scudder, 1895: 30.
type species by subsequent designation Timema californica Scudder, 1903 in Caudell, 1903
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Caudell, 1903: 883. Phylogeny or classification
- ... Show all ... (45)
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Kirby, 1904: 401. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Caudell, 1905: 86. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Redtenbacher, 1906: 87. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Caudell, 1913: 613. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Hebard, 1920: 126. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Hebard, 1937: 347. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Tinkham, 1942: 72. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Bradley & Galil, 1977: 196. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Arnett, 1985: 115. Image or description
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Vickery, 1993: 659. Phylogeny or classification; Image or description
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Vickery & Sandoval, 1997: 933. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Sellick, 1997: 115. Phylogeny or classification; Key
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Sandoval, Carmean & Crespi, 1998: 589. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Bradler, 1999: 53. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Sandoval & Crespi, 2000: 249. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Bragg, 2001: 644. Specimen or distribution
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Law & Crespi, 2002: 1471. Behavior; Specimen or distribution
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Law & Crespi, 2002: 1711-1717. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Brock, 2003: 76. Image or description
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Nosil, 2004: 1521. Life zone and ecology data
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Zompro, 2004: 22, 322. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Otte & Brock, 2005: 332. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Arment, 2006: 35. Image or description; Specimen or distribution
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Wedmann, Bradler & Rust, 2007: 569. Specimen or distribution
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Sandoval & Crespi, 2008: 1. Behavior
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Schwander & Crespi, 2008: 83. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Buckley, Attanayake & Bradler, 2009: 1058. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Bradler, 2009: 88. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Arbuthnott & Crespi, 2009: 53. Behavior
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Arbuthnott, Elliot, McPeek & Crespi, 2010: 1399. Phylogeny or classification; Behavior; Structure
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Schwander, Vuilleumier, Dubman & Crespi, 2010: 1435. Behavior
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Schwander, Lee & Crespi, 2011: 1129. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Maderspacher, 2011: R496. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Friedemann, Wipfler, Bradler & Beutel, 2012: 13. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Schwander, Arbuthnott, Gries, Gries, Nosil & Crespi, 2013: 1. Behavior
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Gottardo, Vallotto & Beutel, 2015: 199. Structure
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Larose & Schwander, 2016: 5446. Life history
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Riesch, Muschick, Lindtke, Villoutreix, Comeault, Farkas, Lucek, Hellen, Soria-Carrasco, Dennis, Carvalho, Safran, Sandoval, Feder, Gries, Crespi, Gries, Gompert & Nosil, 2017: 1. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Larose, 2018: 22. Life history
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Bradler & Buckley, 2018: 289. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in López-Mora & Llorente-Bousquets, 2018: 48. Specimen or distribution; Key
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Büscher, Buckley, Grohmann, Gorb & Bradler, 2018: 2. Structure
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Parker, Djordjevic & Schwander, 2019: 1. Behavior
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Büscher, Grohmann, Bradler & Gorb, 2019: 6. Structure
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Brock & Büscher, 2022: 571. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Chaturvedi, Gompert, Feder, Osborne, Muschick, Soria-Carrasco & Nosil, 2022: 1. Phylogeny or classification
- Timema Scudder, 1895 in Freitas, Parker, Labédan, Dumas & Schwander, 2023: 1. Behavior
Nomenclature references (49)
- Arbuthnott, D. & Crespi, B.J. (2009) Courtship and mate discrimination within and between species of Timema walking-sticks. Animal Behaviour, 78(1), 53–59. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/248591922_Courtship_and_mate_discrimination_within_and_between_species_of_Timema_walking-sticks
- Arbuthnott, D., Elliot, M.G., McPeek, M.A. & Crespi, B.J. (2010) Divergent patterns of diversification in courtship and genitalic characters of Timema walking-sticks. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 23(7), 1399–1411.
- ... Show all ... (45)
- Arment, C. (2006) Stick Insects of the Continental United States and Canada: species and early studies. Coachwhip Publications, Landisville, Pennsylvania, 202 pp. Available at http://books.google.com/books?id=3MSJUzU76YgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Stick+Insects+of+the+Continental+United+States+And+Canada
- Arnett, R.H. (1985) In American insects: a handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. First edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
- Bradler, S. & Buckley, T.R. (2018) 11. Biodiversity of Phasmatodea. In Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Volume 2. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 281–313. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/326051925_Biodiversity_of_Phasmatodea
- Bradler, S. (1999) The vomer of Timema Scudder, 1895 (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and its significance for phasmatodean phylogeny. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 215, 43–47. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/252321279_The_vomer_of_Timema_SCUDDER_1895_Insecta_Phasmatodea_and_its_significance_for_phasmatodean_phylogeny
- Bradler, S. (2009) In Die Phylogenie der Stab- und Gespentschrecken (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Vol 2.1 Species, Phylogeny and Evolution. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Vol. 2.1, 3–139 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/255907469_Die_Phylogenie_der_Stab-_und_Gespenstschrecken_Insecta_Phasmatodea
- Bradley, J.C. & Galil, B.S. (1977) The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington, 79(2), 176–208. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16301624#page/194/mode/1up
- Bragg, P.E. (2001) Phasmids of Borneo. Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 771 pp. Available at http://www.nhpborneo.com/book/phasmids-of-borneo/
- Brock, P.D. & Büscher, T.H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world, Phasmids. NAP Editions, France: Verrières-le-Buisson, 612 pp. Available at http://www.napeditions.com/en/67-stick-and-leaf-insects-of-the-world.html
- Brock, P.D. (2003) Rearing and studying stick and leaf insects. Revised Edition. The Amateur Entomologists' Society, London, Vol. 22, 89 pp. Available at http://shop.amentsoc.org/rearing-and-studying-stick-and-leaf-insects.html
- Buckley, T.R., Attanayake, D. & Bradler, S. (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1055–1062. [2008] Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/23763933_Extreme_convergence_in_stick_insect_evolution_Phylogenetic_placement_of_the_Lord_Howe_Island_tree_lobster
- Büscher, T., Grohmann, C., Bradler, S. & Gorb, S. (2019) Tarsal attachment pads in Phasmatodea (Hexapoda: Insecta). Zoologica. Original-Abhandlungen aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Zoologie, 164, 1–94. Available at http://https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510550517/Zoologica_Vol_164
- Büscher, T.H., Buckley, T.R., Grohmann, C., Gorb, S. & Bradler, S. (2018) The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 69. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00069/full
- Caudell, A.N. (1903) The Phasmidae, or Walkingsticks, of the United States. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26, 863–885, pl. 56–59. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7612119#page/993/mode/1up
- Caudell, A.N. (1905) Kirby's Catalogue of Orthoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington, 7(2-3), 84–88. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19615#page/100/mode/1up
- Caudell, A.N. (1913) Notes on Nearctic Orthopterous insects 1. Nonsaltatorial forms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44, 595–614. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53514#page/759/mode/1up
- Chaturvedi, S., Gompert, Z., Feder, J.L., Osborne, O.G., Muschick, M., Soria-Carrasco, V. & Nosil, P. (2022) Climatic similarity and genomic background shape the extent of parallel adaptation in Timema stick insects. Nature Ecology and Evolution, doi.org/10.1038/s415, 1–23. Available at http://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01909-6
- Freitas, S., Parker, D.J., Labédan, M., Dumas, Z. & Schwander, T. (2023) Evidence for cryptic sex in parthenogenetic stick insects of the genus Timema. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290(2007), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.0404
- Friedemann, K., Wipfler, B., Bradler, S. & Beutel, R.G. (2012) On the head morphology of Phyllium and the phylogenetic relationships of Phasmatodea (Insecta). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 93, 184–199. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/224478029_On_the_head_morphology_of_Phyllium_and_the_phylogenetic_relationships_of_Phasmatodea_Insecta
- Gottardo, M., Vallotto, D. & Beutel, R.G. (2015) Giant stick insects reveal unique ontogenetic changes in biological attachment devices. 44(2), 195–199. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/270584435_Giant_stick_insects_reveal_unique_ontogenetic_changes_in_biological_attachment_devices
- Hebard, M. (1920) The genus Timema Scudder, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera, Phasmidae, Timeminae). Entomological News, 31(5), 126–132. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20198#page/154/mode/1up
- Hebard, M. (1937) Studies in Orthoptera which occur in North America, north of the Mexican boundary. VII. Notes and a new species of Timema, and a new race of Diapheromera velii, (Phasmidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 63, 347–354. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/25077399?refreqid=excelsior%3A6f97682b1c6b5e32236832ad91d43464&seq=1
- Kirby, W.F. (1904) A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae). The Trustees of the British Museum, London, Vol. 1, 501 pp. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29661
- Larose, C. & Schwander, T. (2016) Nematode endoparasites do not codiversify with their stick insect hosts. Ecology and Evolution, 6(15), 5446–5458. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/305152304_Nematode_endoparasites_do_not_codiversify_with_their_stick_insect_hosts
- Larose, C. (2018) Ecology and evolution of the sexual and asexual Timema stick insects [UNPUBLISHED]. 1–224 pp. PhD thesis. UNIL, Lausanne. Available at http://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_A0F0E9154676.P002/REF
- Law, J. & Crespi, B.J. (2002) Recent and Ancient Asexuality in Timema Walkingsticks. Evolution, 56(8), 1711–1717.
- Law, J. & Crespi, B.J. (2002) The evolution of geographic parthenogenesis in Timema walking-sticks. MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 11(8), 1471–1489.
- López-Mora, U. & Llorente-Bousquets, J. (2018) Lista de especies y clave ilustrada de los géneros de Phasmatodea (Insecta) de México [Checklist and illustrated key of the Phasmatodea (Insecta) genera from Mexico]. 89, 46–78. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/323995926_Checklist_and_illustrated_key_of_the_Phasmatodea_Insecta_genera_from_Mexico
- Maderspacher, F. (2011) Asexuality: The Insects that Stick With It. Current Biology, 21(13), R496.
- Nosil, P. (2004) Reproductive isolation caused by visual predation on migrants between divergent environments. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 271(1547), 1521–1528.
- Otte, D. & Brock, P.D. (2005) In Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 414 pp. Available at http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/24725959-phasmida-species-file
- Parker, D.J., Djordjevic, J. & Schwander, T. (2019) Olfactory Proteins in Timema Stick Insects. 7(101), 1–7. Available at http://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5568/stick-insect-research-in-the-era-of-genomics-exploring-the-evolution-of-a-mesodiverse-insect-order#articles
- Redtenbacher, J. (1906) Phasmidae Areolatae. In Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1, 1–180, pls 1–6. [in German] Available at http://www.archive.org/details/DieInsektenfamilieDerPhasmidenVol.1
- Riesch, R., Muschick, M., Lindtke, D., Villoutreix, R., Comeault, A.A., Farkas, T.E., Lucek, K., Hellen, E., Soria-Carrasco, V., Dennis, S.R., Carvalho, C.F.de, Safran, R.J., Sandoval, C.P., Feder, J.L., Gries, R., Crespi, B.J., Gries, G., Gompert, Z. & Nosil, P. (2017) Transitions between phases of genomic differentiation during stick-insect speciation. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 1(0082), 1–13. Available at http://nosil-lab.group.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/RieschetalNatureEE2017.pdf
- Sandoval, C.P. & Crespi, B.J. (2000) Phylogenetic evidence for the evolution of ecological specialization in Timema walkingsticks. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 13, 249–262.
- Sandoval, C.P. & Crespi, B.J. (2008) Adaptive evolution of cryptic coloration: the shape of host plants and dorsal stripes in Timema walking-sticks. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 94(1), 1–5.
- Sandoval, C.P., Carmean, D.A. & Crespi, B.J. (1998) Molecular phylogenetics of sexual and parthenogenetic Timema walking-sticks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 265, 589–595. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689018/pdf/02426XFJ81HBTD24_265_589.pdf
- Schwander, T. & Crespi, B.J. (2008) Multiple direct transitions from sexual reproduction to apomictic parthenogenesis in Timema stick insects. Evolution, 63(1), 84–103. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/23268801_Multiple_direct_transitions_from_sexual_to_apomictic_parthenogenesis_in_Timema_stick_insects
- Schwander, T., Arbuthnott, D., Gries, R., Gries, G., Nosil, P. & Crespi, B.J. (2013) Hydrocarbon divergence and reproductive isolation in Timema stick insects. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(151), 1–13. Available at http://nosil-lab.group.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/SchwanderetalBMCEvolBiol2013.pdf
- Schwander, T., Lee, H. & Crespi, B.J. (2011) Molecular Evidence for Ancient Asexuality in Timema Stick Insects. Current Biology, 21, 1129–1134. Available at http://www.tanjaschwander.com/
- Schwander, T., Vuilleumier, S., Dubman, J. & Crespi, B.J. (2010) Positive feedback in the transition from sexual reproduction to parthenogenesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 277, 1435–1442. Available at http://www.tanjaschwander.com/publications.html
- Scudder, S.H. (1895) Summary of the U. S. Phasmidae. The Canadian Entomologist, 27(2), 29–30. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3044954#page/43/mode/1up
- Sellick, J.T.C. (1997) Descriptive terminology of the phasmid egg capsule, with an extended key to the phasmid genera based on egg structure. Systematic Entomology, 22, 97–122. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3113.1997.d01-30.x
- Tinkham, E.R. (1942) A new californian species of Timema (Phasmodea: Timemidae) with zoogeographical notes. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 41(2), 72–79. pl. 14. Available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106670#page/266/mode/1up
- Vickery, V.R. & Sandoval, C.P. (1997) Timema bartmani (Phasmatoptera: Timematodea: Timematidae), a new species from southern California. The Canadian Entomologist, 129, 933–936. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/259420877_Timema_bartmani_Phasmatoptera_Timematodea_Timematidae_a_new_species_from_southern_California
- Vickery, V.R. (1993) Revision of Timema Scudder (Phasmatodea: Timematodea) including three new species. The Canadian Entomologist, 125, 657–692. Available at http://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-entomologist/article/abs/revision-of-timema-scudder-phasmatoptera-timematodea-including-three-new-species/0C3168FCF39F4ABC87A01D0586D1A4A6
- Wedmann, S., Bradler, S. & Rust, J. (2007) The first fossil leaf insect: 47 million years of specialized cryptic morphology and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, 104(2), 565–569. Available at http://www.pnas.org/content/104/2/565.full
- Zompro, O. (2004) Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea). Goecke & Evers, Keltern-Weiler, Germany, 327 pp. Available at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/313233330_Revision_of_the_genera_of_the_Areolatae_including_the_status_of_Timema_and_Agathemera_Insecta_Phasmatodea
Descendants and synonyms
Stats
| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Total | Valid | Invalid |
| genus | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| species | 28 | 21 | 7 |